Elia, I. & Haigis, M. C. Metabolites and the tumour microenvironment: from cellular mechanisms to systemic metabolism. Nat. Metab. 3, 21–32 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar 

Vander Heiden, M. G. & DeBerardinis, R. J. Understanding the intersections between metabolism and cancer biology. Cell 168, 657–669 (2017).

Article  Google Scholar 

Walker-Samuel, S. et al. In vivo imaging of glucose uptake and metabolism in tumors. Nat. Med. 19, 1067–1072 (2013).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vitale, I., Shema, E., Loi, S. & Galluzzi, L. Intratumoral heterogeneity in cancer progression and response to immunotherapy. Nat. Med. 27, 212–224 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hu, J. et al. Heterogeneity of tumor-induced gene expression changes in the human metabolic network. Nat. Biotechnol. 31, 522–529 (2013).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vitale, I., Manic, G., Coussens, L. M., Kroemer, G. & Galluzzi, L. Macrophages and metabolism in the tumor microenvironment. Cell Metab. 30, 36–50 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Svensson, R. U. et al. Inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase suppresses fatty acid synthesis and tumor growth of non-small-cell lung cancer in preclinical models. Nat. Med. 22, 1108–1119 (2016).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pan, M. et al. Regional glutamine deficiency in tumours promotes dedifferentiation through inhibition of histone demethylation. Nat. Cell Biol. 18, 1090–1101 (2016).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gui, D. Y. et al. Environment dictates dependence on mitochondrial complex I for NAD+ and aspartate production and determines cancer cell sensitivity to metformin. Cell Metab. 24, 716–727 (2016).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

DeBerardinis, R. J. & Chandel, N. S. Fundamentals of cancer metabolism. Sci. Adv. 2, e1600200 (2016).

Article  Google Scholar 

Davidson, S. M. et al. Environment impacts the metabolic dependencies of Ras-driven non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Metab. 23, 517–528 (2016).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Weinberg, F. et al. Mitochondrial metabolism and ROS generation are essential for Kras-mediated tumorigenicity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 8788–8793 (2010).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rofstad, E. K., DeMuth, P., Fenton, B. M. & Sutherland, R. M. ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of tumor energy metabolism and its relationship to intracapillary oxyhemoglobin saturation status and tumor hypoxia. Cancer Res. 48, 5440–5446 (1988).

CAS  Google Scholar 

Vaupel, P., Kallinowski, F. & Okunieff, P. Blood flow, oxygen and nutrient supply, and metabolic microenvironment of human tumors: a review. Cancer Res. 49, 6449–6465 (1989).

CAS  Google Scholar 

Wang, L. V. & Hu, S. Photoacoustic tomography: in vivo imaging from organelles to organs. Science 335, 1458–1462 (2012).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shemetov, A. A. et al. A near-infrared genetically encoded calcium indicator for in vivo imaging. Nat. Biotechnol. 39, 368–377 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li, M., Tang, Y. & Yao, J. Photoacoustic tomography of blood oxygenation: a mini review. Photoacoustics 10, 65–73 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Hong, G., Antaris, A. L. & Dai, H. Near-infrared fluorophores for biomedical imaging. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 1, 0010 (2017).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fan, Y. et al. Lifetime-engineered NIR-II nanoparticles unlock multiplexed in vivo imaging. Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 941–946 (2018).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gu, Y. et al. High-sensitivity imaging of time-domain near-infrared light transducer. Nat. Photonics 13, 525–531 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Antaris, A. L. et al. A small-molecule dye for NIR-II imaging. Nat. Mater. 15, 235–242 (2016).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bruns, O. T. et al. Next-generation in vivo optical imaging with short-wave infrared quantum dots. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 1, 0056 (2017).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chang, B. et al. A phosphorescent probe for in vivo imaging in the second near-infrared window. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 6, 629–639 (2022).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Diao, S. et al. Fluorescence imaging in vivo at wavelengths beyond 1500 nm. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 14758–14762 (2015).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhong, Y. et al. In vivo molecular imaging for immunotherapy using ultra-bright near-infrared-IIb rare-earth nanoparticles. Nat. Biotechnol. 37, 1322–1331 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hong, G. et al. Through-skull fluorescence imaging of the brain in a new near-infrared window. Nat. Photonics 8, 723–730 (2014).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang, X.-D. et al. Traumatic brain injury imaging in the second near-infrared window with a molecular fluorophore. Adv. Mater. 28, 6872–6879 (2016).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Johnson, N. J. J. et al. Direct evidence for coupled surface and concentration quenching dynamics in lanthanide-doped nanocrystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 3275–3282 (2017).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

He, S. et al. Simultaneous enhancement of photoluminescence, MRI relaxivity, and CT contrast by tuning the interfacial layer of lanthanide heteroepitaxial nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 17, 4873–4880 (2017).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhong, Y. & Dai, H. A mini-review on rare-earth down-conversion nanoparticles for NIR-II imaging of biological systems. Nano Res. 13, 1281–1294 (2020).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhong, Y. et al. Boosting the down-shifting luminescence of rare-earth nanocrystals for biological imaging beyond 1500 nm. Nat. Commun. 8, 737 (2017).

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang, F. et al. Light-sheet microscopy in the near-infrared II window. Nat. Methods 16, 545–552 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar 

Mendrik, A. et al. Automatic segmentation of intracranial arteries and veins in four-dimensional cerebral CT perfusion scans. Med. Phys. 37, 2956–2966 (2010).

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhou, H. et al. Hypoxia-triggered self-assembly of ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles to amplify the imaging signal of a tumor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143, 1846–1853 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Höckel, M. & Vaupel, P. Tumor hypoxia: definitions and current clinical, biologic, and molecular aspects. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93, 266–276 (2001).

Article  Google Scholar 

Moulder, J. E. & Rockwell, S. Tumor hypoxia: its impact on cancer therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 5, 313–341 (1987).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yao, J., Maslov, K. I., Zhang, Y., Xia, Y. & Wang, L. V. Label-free oxygen-metabolic photoacoustic microscopy in vivo. J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 1–12 (2011).

Article  Google Scholar 

Hanahan, D. & Folkman, J. Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 86, 353–364 (1996).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lyssiotis, C. A. & Kimmelman, A. C. Metabolic interactions in the tumor microenvironment. Trends Cell Biol. 27, 863–875 (2017).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mao, Y., Keller, E. T., Garfield, D. H., Shen, K. & Wang, J. Stromal cells in tumor microenvironment and breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 32, 303–315 (2013).

Article  Google Scholar 

Reina-Campos, M., Moscat, J. & Diaz-Meco, M. Metabolism shapes the tumor microenvironment. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 48, 47–53 (2017).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Arneth, B. Tumor microenvironment. Medicina 56, 15 (2020).

Article  Google Scholar 

Tzoumas, S. et al. Eigenspectra optoacoustic tomography achieves quantitative blood oxygenation imaging deep in tissues. Nat. Commun. 7, 12121 (2016).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Xu, J. et al. Recent advances in near-infrared emitting lanthanide-doped nanoconstructs: mechanism, design and application for bioimaging. Coord. Chem. Rev. 381, 104–134 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wang, K. et al. Fluorescence image-guided tumour surgery. Nat. Rev. Bioeng. 1, 161–179 (2023).

Article  Google Scholar 

Andreou, C., Weissleder, R. & Kircher, M. F. Multiplexed imaging in oncology. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 6, 527–540 (2022).

Article  Google Scholar 

Liu, H.-W. et al. Recent progresses in small-molecule enzymatic fluorescent probes for cancer imaging. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47, 7140–7180 (2018).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Baugh, L. M. et al. Non-destructive two-photon excited fluorescence imaging identifies early nodules in calcific aortic-valve disease. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 1, 914–924 (2017).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mai, H.-X. et al. High-quality sodium rare-earth fluoride nanocrystals: controlled synthesis and optical properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 6426–6436 (2006).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu, Y. et al. Fluorination enhances NIR-II fluorescence of polymer dots for quantitative brain tumor imaging. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59, 21049–21057 (2020).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ramos-Soto, O. et al. An efficient retinal blood vessel segmentation in eye fundus images by using optimized top-hat and homomorphic filtering. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 201, 105949 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar