Glossary
Allelic exclusion
a characteristic of immunoglobulin gene in that the expression of an allele is from one chromosome of a pair, which guarantees TCR monoclonal expression in T cells.
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
an immunoactivation process in which the Fab segment of an antibody binds to the antigenic epitope of virus-infected cells or tumor cells, and its Fc segment binds to the FcR on the surface of killer cells, mediating direct killing of target cells.
Antigen cross-presentation
generally, endogenous antigens are presented on MHCI molecules to activate CD8+ T cells, and exogenous antigen is presented on MHCII molecules by APCs to activate CD4+ T cells; antigen cross-presentation means exogenous antigen is presented on MHC I molecules by APCs to activate CD8+ T cells.
B2M
an HLA-I-related gene encoding a critical subunit β2M of HLA-I; HLA-I is responsible for CD8+ T cell activation.
CIITA
an HLA-II-related gene encoding a trans-activator protein involved in HLA-II expression
CRISPR/Cas9 system
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR associated protein9 system; the system can edit genome by using a Cas9 nuclease and a single-guide RNA.
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS)
a life-threatening syndrome with excessive production of various proinflammatory cytokines in body fluids, including IL-6 and IL-2, mainly caused by severe stimuli (such as infection or CAR-T therapy).
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
most CTLs are CD4–CD8α+CD8β+ αβ T cells, often with a TCR targeting a specific antigen in an HLA-restricted manner and have the ability to kill target cells directly.
γδT cells
a relatively small subpopulation of T cells whose TCRs are composed of γ and δ chains that recognize antigens through γδTCRs in an HLA-unrestricted manner.
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
a condition in which transplanted immunocompetent T cells attack the host; usually occurs after allogeneic transplantation.
HLA-E
a gene encoding HLA class I molecule that interacts with the inhibitory CD94/NKG2A complex on NK cells to prevent NK activation.
HLA-null-mediated NK-cell activation
abnormal cells that fail to express MHCI molecules may incur NK cell attack, as MHCI ligands can interact with inhibitory receptors on NK cells.
Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS)
a neuropsychiatric and syndrome that can develop after receiving certain immunotherapies, such as CAR-T therapies; some cases of ICANS can be fatal.
LMP1 and LMP2
latent membrane proteins 1 and 2, expressed in most EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases.
MHC
MHC is a cluster of genes encoding major histocompatibility antigens in animals, whose products are closely related to the occurrence of a specific immune response. Human MHC is called HLA (human leukocyte antigen).
NSG mouse models
immunocompromised mouse models ideal for human tissue transplantation, which lack T cells, B cells, and NK cells.
On-target, off-tumor toxicity
antigen-target therapy is based on tumor expression of specific antigens, but it often causes injury to normal tissue expressing the same antigen.
PSC-ATO
an artificial thymic organoid culture system in which human PSCs form embryonic mesodermal organoids before undergoing hematopoietic differentiation.
PVR
an NK cell ligand gene encoding a signal ligand that interacts with DNAM-1+ NK cells and subsequently results in T cell death.
RAG
recombination activating genes, including RAG1 and RAG2. RAG1 and RAG2 form a recombinant enzyme necessary for TCR rearrangement.
Regulatory T cells (Tregs)
a specialized subset of T cells that maintain self-tolerance and homeostasis by suppressing the immune response.
Single-chain variable fragment (scFv)
a genetically engineered fusion protein composed of the variable region of the antibody heavy chain and the variable region of the light chain connected by a peptide chain.
T cell receptor (TCR)
TCRs are heterodimers that are composed of either an α-chain and a β-chain, or a γ-chain and a δ-chain noncovalently associated with the CD3 complex on the cell surface, whose role is to specifically recognize antigens.
T-iPSCs
iPSCs that are reprogrammed from T cells, usually inherit the TCR from the parental T cells.
Type I interferons (IFNs)
polypeptides that affect innate and adaptive immune responses; typical of these are IFN-α and IFN-β.
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- Source: https://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology/fulltext/S0167-7799(23)00051-3?rss=yes
