Friedman, J. M. Causes and control of excess body fat. Nature 459, 340–342 (2009).
Ng, M. et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 384, 766–781 (2014).
Afshin, A. et al. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. N. Engl. J. Med. 377, 13–27 (2017).
Van Gaal, L. F., Mertens, I. L. & De Block, C. E. Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease. Nature 444, 875–880 (2006).
Kahn, S. E., Hull, R. L. & Utzschneider, K. M. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature 444, 840–846 (2006).
Henao-Mejia, J. et al. Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity. Nature 482, 179–185 (2012).
Olson, O. C., Quail, D. F. & Joyce, J. A. Obesity and the tumor microenvironment. Science 358, 1130–1131 (2017).
Heymsfield, S. B. & Wadden, T. A. Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and management of obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 376, 254–266 (2017).
Vetter, M. L., Faulconbridge, L. F., Webb, V. L. & Wadden, T. A. Behavioral and pharmacologic therapies for obesity. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 6, 578–588 (2010).
Agostinis, P. et al. Photodynamic therapy of cancer: an update. Ca. Cancer J. Clin. 61, 250–281 (2011).
Zhou, Z., Song, J., Nie, L. & Chen, X. Reactive oxygen species generating systems meeting challenges of photodynamic cancer therapy. Chem. Soc. Rev. 45, 6597–6626 (2016).
Chilakamarthi, U. & Giribabu, L. Photodynamic therapy: past, present and future. Chem. Rec. 17, 775–802 (2017).
Wanner, M. et al. Use of photodynamic therapy and sterile water to target adipose tissue. Dermatologic Surg. 41, 803–811 (2015).
Peirce, V., Carobbio, S. & Vidal-Puig, A. The different shades of fat. Nature 510, 76–83 (2014).
Liu, Y., Nie, L. & Chen, X. Photoacoustic molecular imaging: from multiscale biomedical applications towards early-stage theranostics. Trends Biotechnol. 34, 420–433 (2016).
Wang, L. V. & Hu, S. Photoacoustic tomography: in vivo imaging from organelles to organs. Science 335, 1458–1462 (2012).
Wang, L. V. & Yao, J. A practical guide to photoacoustic tomography in the life sciences. Nat. Methods 13, 627–638 (2016).
Valluru, K. S., Wilson, K. E. & Willmann, J. K. Photoacoustic imaging in oncology: translational preclinical and early clinical experience. Radiology 280, 332–349 (2016).
Reber, J. et al. Non-invasive measurement of brown fat metabolism based on optoacoustic imaging of hemoglobin gradients. Cell Metab. 27, 689–701 (2018).
Lovell, J. F., Liu, T. W. B., Chen, J. & Zheng, G. Activatable photosensitizers for imaging and therapy. Chem. Rev. 110, 2839–2857 (2010).
Calixto, G. M. F. et al. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for photodynamic therapy of cancer: a review. Molecules 21, 342 (2016).
Ho, C. J. H. et al. Multifunctional photosensitizer-based contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging. Sci. Rep. 4, 5342 (2014).
Bartelt, A. & Heeren, J. Adipose tissue browning and metabolic health. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 10, 24–36 (2014).
Mannerås-Holm, L. & Krook, A. Targeting adipose tissue angiogenesis to enhance insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia 55, 2562–2564 (2012).
Festuccia, W. T., Laplante, M., Berthiaume, M., Gélinas, Y. & Deshaies, Y. PPARγ agonism increases rat adipose tissue lipolysis, expression of glyceride lipases, and the response of lipolysis to hormonal control. Diabetologia 49, 2427–2436 (2006).
Clarke, B. E. et al. Improved immunogenicity of a peptide epitope after fusion to hepatitis B core protein. Nature 330, 381–384 (1987).
Ji, M. et al. Hepatitis B core VLP-based mis-disordered tau vaccine elicits strong immune response and alleviates cognitive deficits and neuropathology progression in Tau.P301S mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 10, 55 (2018).
Lu, Y. et al. Assessing sequence plasticity of a virus-like nanoparticle by evolution toward a versatile scaffold for vaccines and drug delivery. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 12360–12365 (2015).
Kolonin, M. G., Saha, P. K., Chan, L., Pasqualini, R. & Arap, W. Reversal of obesity by targeted ablation of adipose tissue. Nat. Med. 10, 625–632 (2004).
Won, Y. W. et al. Oligopeptide complex for targeted non-viral gene delivery to adipocytes. Nat. Mater. 13, 1157–1164 (2014).
Shan, W. et al. Improved stable indocyanine green (ICG)-mediated cancer optotheranostics with naturalized hepatitis B core particles. Adv. Mater. 30, 1707567 (2018).
Kershaw, E. E. et al. PPARγ regulates adipose triglyceride lipase in adipocytes in vitro and in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 293, 1736–1745 (2007).
Tang, J. et al. Obesity-associated family with sequence similarity 13, member A (FAM13A) is dispensable for adipose development and insulin sensitivity. Int. J. Obes. 43, 1269–1280 (2019).
Thiam, A. R., Farese, R. V. J. & Walther, T. C. The biophysics and cell biology of lipid droplets. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 14, 775–786 (2013).
Zhang, C. et al. A cystine knot peptide targeting integrin αvβ6 for photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging of tumors in living subjects. J. Nucl. Med. 57, 1629–1634 (2016).
Crandall, D. L., Goldstein, B. M., Huggins, F. & Cervoni, P. Adipocyte blood flow: influence of age, anatomic location, and dietary manipulation. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 247, R46–R51 (1984).
Wang, P. et al. Absence of an adipogenic effect of rosiglitazone on mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes: increase of lipid catabolism and reduction of adipokine expression. Diabetologia 50, 654–665 (2007).
Li, G., Gong, J., Lei, H., Liu, J. & Xu, X. Z. S. Promotion of behavior and neuronal function by reactive oxygen species in C. elegans. Nat. Commun. 7, 13234 (2016).
Zou, Z., Chang, H., Li, H. & Wang, S. Induction of reactive oxygen species: an emerging approach for cancer therapy. Apoptosis 22, 1321–1335 (2017).
Yaribeygi, H., Farrokhi, F. R., Butler, A. E. & Sahebkar, A. Insulin resistance: review of the underlying molecular mechanisms. J. Cell Physiol. 234, 8152–8161 (2019).
Krawczyk, S. A., Haller, J. F., Ferrante, T., Zoeller, R. A. & Corkey, B. E. Reactive oxygen species facilitate translocation of hormone sensitive lipase to the lipid droplet during lipolysis in human differentiated adipocytes. PLoS ONE 7, e34904 (2012).
Straus, D. S. & Glass, C. K. Anti-inflammatory actions of PPAR ligands: new insights on cellular and molecular mechanisms. Trends Immunol. 28, 551–558 (2007).
Bensinger, S. J. & Tontonoz, P. Integration of metabolism and inflammation by lipid-activated nuclear receptors. Nature 454, 470–477 (2008).
Polvani, S., Tarocchi, M. & Galli, A. PPAR and oxidative stress: Con(β) catenating NRF2 and FOXO. PPAR Res 2012, 641087 (2012).
Xue, Y. et al. Hypoxia-independent angiogenesis in adipose tissues during cold acclimation. Cell Metab. 9, 99–109 (2009).
Reuter, S., Gupta, S. C., Chaturvedi, M. M. & Aggarwal, B. B. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: how are they linked? Free Radic. Biol. Med. 49, 1603–1616 (2010).
Sackmann-Sala, L., Berryman, D. E., Munn, R. D., Lubbers, E. R. & Kopchick, J. J. Heterogeneity among white adipose tissue depots in male C57BL/6J mice. Obesity 20, 101–111 (2012).
Nathan, D. M. Rosiglitazone and cardiotoxicity—weighing the evidence. N. Engl. J. Med. 357, 64–66 (2007).
Ratziu, V. et al. Long-term efficacy of rosiglitazone in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of the fatty liver improvement by rosiglitazone therapy (FLIRT 2) extension trial. Hepatology 51, 445–453 (2010).
Moreno, A. M. et al. Immune-orthogonal orthologues of AAV capsids and of Cas9 circumvent the immune response to the administration of gene therapy. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 3, 806–816 (2019).
Wu, Z. et al. In vivo dual-scale photoacoustic surveillance and assessment of burn healing. Biomed. Opt. Express 10, 3425–3433 (2019).
Matthews, D. R. et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28, 412–419 (1985).
