Zhao, Q., Liu, X., Stalin, S., Khan, K. & Archer, L. A. Solid-state polymer electrolytes with in-built fast interfacial transport for secondary lithium batteries. Nat. Energy 4, 365–373 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Famprikis, T., Canepa, P., Dawson, J. A., Islam, M. S. & Masquelier, C. Fundamentals of inorganic solid-state electrolytes for batteries. Nat. Mater. 18, 1278–1291 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zou, Z. et al. Mobile ions in composite solids. Chem. Rev. 120, 4169–4221 (2020).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tian, Y. et al. Promises and challenges of next-generation ‘beyond Li⁺’ batteries for electric vehicles and grid decarbonization. Chem. Rev. 121, 1623–1669 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Terabe, K., Hasegawa, T., Nakayama, T. & Aono, M. Quantized conductance atomic switch. Nature 433, 47–50 (2005).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yao, Y. et al. Sodium ion batteries: toward high energy density all solid-state sodium batteries with excellent flexibility. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 2070055 (2020).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wu, J. et al. Reducing the thickness of solid-state electrolyte membranes for high-energy lithium batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 14, 12–36 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Xu, K. Electrolytes and interphases in Li⁺ batteries and beyond. Chem. Rev. 114, 11503–11618 (2014).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huang, Y.-F. et al. A relaxor ferroelectric polymer with an ultrahigh dielectric constant largely promotes the dissociation of lithium salts to achieve high ionic conductivity. Energy Environ. Sci. 14, 6021–6029 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lei, D. et al. Cross-linked beta alumina nanowires with compact gel polymer electrolyte coating for ultra-stable sodium metal battery. Nat. Commun. 10, 4244 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar 

Chen, L. et al. PEO/garnet composite electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries: from ‘ceramic-in-polymer’ to ‘polymer-in-ceramic’. Nano Energy 46, 176–184 (2018).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zheng, J., Wang, P., Liu, H. & Hu, Y.-Y. Interface-enabled ion conduction in Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂-poly(ethylene oxide) hybrid electrolytes. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2, 1452–1459 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huang, Y. et al. Enhanced piezoelectricity from highly polarizable oriented amorphous fractions in biaxially oriented poly(vinylidene fluoride) with pure β crystals. Nat. Commun. 12, 675 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mi, J. et al. Topology crafting of polyvinylidene difluoride electrolyte creates ultra-long cycling high-voltage lithium metal solid-state batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 48, 375–383 (2022).

Article  Google Scholar 

Liu, G. et al. Preventing dendrite growth by a soft piezoelectric material. ACS Mater. Lett. 1, 498–505 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gao, T. et al. Piezoelectric mechanism and a compliant film to effectively suppress dendrite growth. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 51448–51458 (2020).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu, S. et al. Solid-state lithium metal batteries with extended cycling enabled by dynamic adaptive solid-state interfaces. Adv. Mater. 33, e2008084 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang, X. et al. Synergistic coupling between Li_6.75La₃Zr_1.75Ta_0.25O₁₂ and poly(vinylidene fluoride) induces high ionic conductivity, mechanical strength, and thermal stability of solid composite electrolytes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 13779–13785 (2017).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fan, L.-Z., He, H. & Nan, C.-W. Tailoring inorganic–polymer composites for the mass production of solid-state batteries. Nat. Rev. Mater. 6, 1003–1019 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Maier, J. Space charge regions in solid two phase systems and their conduction contribution — II Contact equilibrium at the interface of two ionic conductors and the related conductivity effect. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 89, 355–362 (1985).

CAS  Google Scholar 

De Klerk, N. J. J. & Wagemaker, M. Space-charge layers in all-solid-state batteries; important or negligible? ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 1, 5609–5618 (2018).

CAS  Google Scholar 

Jiang, B. et al. Barium titanate at the nanoscale: controlled synthesis and dielectric and ferroelectric properties. Chem. Soc. Rev. 48, 1194–1228 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kalinin, S. V., Johnson, C. Y. & Bonnell, D. A. Domain polarity and temperature induced potential inversion on the BaTiO₃ (100) surface. J. Appl. Phys. 91, 3816–3823 (2002).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Guo, Y. et al. Shaping Li deposits from wild dendrites to regular crystals via the ferroelectric effect. Nano Lett. 20, 7680–7687 (2020).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wang, C. et al. High dielectric barium titanate porous scaffold for efficient Li metal cycling in anode-free cells. Nat. Commun. 12, 6536 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar 

Takada, K. et al. Interfacial phenomena in solid-state lithium battery with sulfide solid electrolyte. Solid State Ion. 225, 594–597 (2012).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wu, B. et al. Interfacial behaviours between lithium ion conductors and electrode materials in various battery systems. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 15266–15280 (2016).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yada, C. et al. A high-throughput approach developing lithium-niobium-tantalum oxides as electrolyte/cathode interlayers for high-voltage all-solid-state lithium batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 162, A722–A726 (2015).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Xia, S. et al. Dynamic regulation of lithium dendrite growth with electromechanical coupling effect of soft BaTiO₃ ceramic nanofiber films. ACS Nano 15, 3161–3170 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jacob, M. M. E. et al. FTIR studies of DMF plasticized polyvinyledene fluoride based polymer electrolytes. Electrochim. Acta 45, 1701–1706 (2000).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yang, K., Chen, L., Ma, J., He, Y.-B. & Kang, F. Progress and perspective of Li_1+xAl_xTi_2-x(PO₄)₃ ceramic electrolyte in lithium batteries. InfoMat. 3, 1195–1217 (2021).

Guo, W. et al. Mixed ion and electron‐conducting scaffolds for high‐rate lithium metal anodes. Adv. Mater. 9, 1900193 (2019).

Google Scholar 

Li, S. et al. Manipulation of charge transfer in vertically aligned epitaxial ferroelectric KNbO₃ nanowire array photoelectrodes. Nano Energy 35, 92–100 (2017).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu, Z. et al. Piezoelectric-effect-enhanced full-spectrum photoelectrocatalysis in p–n heterojunction. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1807279 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Su, R. et al. Silver-modified nanosized ferroelectrics as a novel photocatalyst. Small 11, 202–207 (2015).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhu, P., Chen, Y. & Shi, J. Piezocatalytic tumor therapy by ultrasound-triggered and BaTiO₃-mediated piezoelectricity. Adv. Mater. 32, 2001976 (2020).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ding, J. F. et al. Non-solvating and low-dielectricity cosolvent for anion-derived solid electrolyte interphases in lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 11442–11447 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zheng, J., Tang, M. & Hu, Y.-Y. Lithium ion pathway within Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂-polyethylene oxide composite electrolytes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 12538–12542 (2016).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zheng, J. & Hu, Y.-Y. New insights into the compositional dependence of Li⁺ transport in polymer–ceramic composite electrolytes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 4113–4120 (2018).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yang, K. et al. Stable interface chemistry and multiple ion transport of composite electrolyte contribute to ultra-long cycling solid-state LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂/lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 24668–24675 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yang, H. et al. Chemical interaction and enhanced interfacial ion transport in a ceramic nanofiber–polymer composite electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 8, 7261–7272 (2020).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Emery, J. et al. Polaronic effects on lithium motion in intercalated perovskite lithium lanthanum titanate observed by ⁷Li NMR and impedance spectroscopy. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 11, 10401–10417 (1999).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Duan, H. et al. Dendrite-free Li-metal battery enabled by a thin asymmetric solid electrolyte with engineered layers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 82–85 (2018).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Du, G. et al. Low-operating temperature, high-rate and durable solid-state sodium-ion battery based on polymer electrolyte and Prussian blue cathode. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 1903351 (2020).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liang, J. Y. et al. Mitigating interfacial potential drop of cathode-solid electrolyte via ionic conductor layer to enhance interface dynamics for solid batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 6767–6770 (2018).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhou, W. et al. Plating a dendrite-free lithium anode with a polymer/ceramic/polymer sandwich electrolyte. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138, 9385–9388 (2016).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yada, C. et al. Dielectric modification of 5V-class cathodes for high-voltage all-solid-state lithium batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 4, 1301416 (2014).

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang, L. et al. In-situ visualization of the space-charge-layer effect on interfacial lithium-ion transport in all-solid-state batteries. Nat. Commun. 11, 5889 (2020).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Xue, C., Zhang, X., Wang, S., Li, L. & Nan, C. W. Organic–organic composite electrolyte enables ultralong cycle life in solid-state lithium metal batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 24837–24844 (2020).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang, X. et al. Self-suppression of lithium dendrite in all-solid-state lithium metal batteries with poly(vinylidene difluoride)-based solid electrolytes. Adv. Mater. 31, 1806082 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar 

Chu, H. et al. Achieving three-dimensional lithium sulfide growth in lithium-sulfur batteries using high-donor-number anions. Nat. Commun. 10, 188 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar