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Indica, Sativa and Hybrid Cannabis Strains
Do You Prefer Sativa, Indica, or Hybrid Strains?
You've probably heard the terms Sativa, Indica, and Hybrid before. But do you know what they mean? Marijuana is divided into two types: Sativa and Indica. In addition to these two types of cannabis, you can also have "mixes" and these strains are called hybrids.
Which strain do you prefer... Sativa, Indica or a Hybrid?
Differences Between Indica and Sativa Strains
There are many differences between the anatomy of Indica and Sativa strains: how they grow, how long they flower, and so on. But the biggest difference is the kind of chemicals they produce. The different chemicals that different strains produce are what produce such distinct effects on cannabis users. Without these chemicals reacting with your body, you wouldn't enjoy the giggles and other pleasurable effects of marijuana.
Below you can find an overview of Sativa, Indica, and Hybrids, which should shed some light on the subject. If you are still confused, search the Amsterdam Marijuana Seeds blog. There you can find out information on specific strains and info on cannabis use.
Keep in mind that the following effects are general characteristics of the strains mentioned. They produce effects that may not apply directly to all cannabis users. How you react depends on your unique biology, history of cannabis use, expectations, environment, and even the food you that day. Having said that, these effects are well known for a reason. Most people should react very similarly to that which is described below.
About Indica Strains
Known for: a calming effect on the body
Ideal for: relaxing, as a nightcap before bedtime, to relax with a movie, a book, or music
Appearance: short plants with broad leaves
Origin: India (although recent research suggests that it came from Afghanistan)
Indica is a strain that is best known for having a calming effect on the body. It is a great choice for relaxing before bed, or in general. It has a calming effect which can sometimes be overpowering. If you need to relax after a stressful day or are feeling your mind racing, try a bit of Indica to slow down and chill. There is a reason that Indica has earned the nickname: “In-da-couch”.
Indica is not always the best choice if you have a test coming up, or an important social meeting. It can make you so relaxed that you may have perceptions of time slowing, and you with it. I would take this as a strain before sleep, rather than before going for a hike.
About Sativa strains
Known for: invigorating and uplifting cerebral effects
Ideal for: physical activity, social gatherings, and creativity
Appearance: tall plants with thin leaves
Origin: Regions near the equator (like Colombia, Mexico, and Thailand)
Sativa is a strain of marijuana known for its ability to invigorate the spirit and create uplifting cerebral effects. It is a great choice for when you want to party, socialize, go for a walk, or write a song. It is known to stimulate creativity, and as such is fantastic if you are working on an art project.
Sativa is not always the best choice for relaxation. Its ability to cause cerebral stimulation may make it not the best choice for trying to relax or sleep. But if you want to go for a run, it would be a great choice.
About Hybrid Strains
Known for: having a mix of effects of both parent strains. Usually, one strain will have more prominent effects. Sometimes one strain will have forward effects that are slowly replaced by the other strain.
Ideal for: This is tough. You need to research the strain that you are choosing to see what it would be good for.
Appearance: Hybrid plants will often show characteristics of both strains, with one being more dominant.
Origin: Regions near the equator (like Colombia, Mexico, and Thailand)
The best of both worlds, hybrids inherit properties from both parents. They can be either Indica or Sativa dominant in their genetic makeup and resulting effects. To get an idea of this, you can drink wine that is made from 1 specific grape. As an alternative, you can drink a wine that is a mix of two to three different grapes. Each grape adds its own unique qualities. In the same way, hybrid marijuana strains can produce complex, strains with great depth.
Hybrids can produce new strains which feature different qualities of the parent strains. These can complement each other in unique and interesting ways. In some ways, the hybrids can be combined in a way in which the result is actually better than the original strains. In effect, you create a situation where 1+1 doesn't equal 2, instead: 1+1=3! What an exciting prospect.
Because Hybrids are so unique, it is difficult to pin down an overview of properties other than to say that they have a mix of effects of the parents. For hybrids, you really should research each strain and its effects. Luckily for you, Amsterdam Marijuana Seeds has done the leg work for you, and our website dives deeply into the effects of the strains we sell. Whether it be research on the blog or if it is the description found under each type of marijuana seed in the store, we will help you figure out the effects of each type of marijuana.
So, wait no longer, go on over to the website and do your research. Only you know what you are looking for. We can provide you with descriptions, but only you can decide what is best for you.
Are you interested in buying cannabis seeds? Check out our seed bank for the best Indica seeds, Sativa seeds, Hybrid seeds, and more!
Eisai: Latest Findings on Lecanemab Presented at AD/PD 2022 Annual Meeting
Four key symposium presentations explored how lecanemab's clinical efficacy data, overall amyloid-related imaging abnormality (ARIA) rates, biomarker relationships to clinical outcomes, potential dosing regimens, and administration have the potential to benefit people living with early AD.
1. Science of the Amyloid Cascade and Distinct Mechanism of Action (MoA) of Lecanemab
- BioArctic's Professor Lars Lannfelt presented the science of the amyloid cascade and studies evaluating lecanemab's distinct binding profile to antibodies created from patented sequences of two other clinical antibodies, aducanumab and gantenerumab. The three antibodies have different binding profiles to Abeta species. All three antibodies bind to fibrils, but with different selectivity. Lecanemab was the strongest Abeta binder and prefers protofibrils. Lecanemab's binding profile is critical to enriching our understanding of the features in clinical outcomes and safety. BioArctic has had a long-term collaboration with Eisai regarding the development and commercialization of drugs for the treatment of AD.
2. Key Trial Design Aspects and Clinical Outcomes of the Lecanemab Phase 2b (Study 201) Trial and Open-Label Extension (OLE) in Early AD
- Innovative Bayesian Adaptive Randomization Design and Dose Regimen-Finding Study with OLE - Study 201 (published by Eisai in Alz Res Therapy 13;21) was prospectively designed as a blinded 18-month study. To accelerate the development program, Eisai used a Bayesian adaptive design with a prespecified 12-month Bayesian primary endpoint in addition to the prespecified traditional analysis at the end of the 18-month treatment period. The OLE evaluated the long-term safety and tolerability of lecanemab and the effect of lecanemab on amyloid PET over 12 months of treatment, which looked at treatment naive patients (those on placebo during the core study) and those patients who had previously been treated with lecanemab, including earlier time points (3 and 6 months) than in the core phase (12 and 18 months). Eisai's study design provided the opportunity to explore the biomarker and clinical effects of stopping and restarting lecanemab across five years of disease trajectory.
- Rapid and Thorough Amyloid Clearance Correlates with Clinical Benefit - By using the Bayesian study design across a broad range of doses, researchers were able to efficiently and effectively identify the most effective dose, 10 mg/kg biweekly, to produce rapid and thorough amyloid clearance and potential clinical efficacy. Of the approximately 12 treatment-naive patients in the OLE (those who received placebo in the Core study), more than 40 percent were amyloid negative as early as 3 months and more than 80% were amyloid negative by 12 months as measured by PET image (visual read).(1) The OLE results are consistent with core phase results in which 65% were amyloid negative at 12 months(1) and 81% of participants were amyloid negative at 18 months as measured by PET image (visual read) in 161 subjects treated with 10 mg/kg biweekly dose. Robust amyloid reduction in those receiving lecanemab in the Core study was maintained while off-treatment over the Gap period. Despite the small number of participants in the OLE, findings help confirm the results from the Core study: lecanemab rapidly and thoroughly cleared amyloid plaque from the brain. Study 201 established 10 mg/kg biweekly as the most effective dose of lecanemab based on ADCOMS. Lecanemab could potentially be administered at 10mg/kg on the first day of treatment and continue at biweekly intervals without titration.
ARIA Incidence, Frequency, Severity and Modeling
ARIA-E is an important adverse event of amyloid-lowering therapies that is critical to monitor and manage during treatment.
Study 201 Core ARIA-E Rates
ARIA-E was observed in allele groups administered 10 mg/kg biweekly at the following rates: overall ApoE4 carriers 14.3% (7/49), ApoE4 carriers homozygous 50.0% (5/10), ApoE4 carriers heterozygous 5.1% (2/39) and ApoE4 non-carriers 8.0% (9/112). The overall ARIA-E rate in the Core study was 9.9% (16/161) of patients treated with lecanemab 10 mg/kg biweekly compared with 0.8% (2/245) of placebo patients.
Study 201 OLE ARIA-E Rates
Although ApoE carriers were underrepresented in the 10 mg/kg biweekly group in Study 201 Core, all participants entering Study 201 OLE (69.4% of whom were ApoE4 carriers) were treated with 10 mg/kg biweekly, and ARIA rates were consistent with those in the Core study. Forty-five participants who received placebo in the Core study joined the OLE. ARIA-E was observed in allele groups newly treated with 10 mg/kg biweekly in the OLE at the following rates: overall ApoE4 carriers 12.9% (4/31), ApE4 carriers homozygous 25.0% (1/4), ApoE4 carriers heterozygous 11.1% (3/27) and ApoE4 negative 0.0% (0/14). In the OLE study, overall ARIA-E rates were as follows: ApoE4 carriers 10.4% (13/125), ApoE4 carriers homozygous 14.3% (4/28), ApoE4 carriers heterozygous 9.3% (9/97) and ApoE4 non-carriers 1.8% (1/55).
Study 201 Core and OLE Pooled ARIA-E Rates
In the Core and the OLE, ARIA-E was observed in allele groups administered 10 mg/kg biweekly at the following rates: ApoE4 carriers 13.8% (11/80), ApoE4 carriers homozygous 42.9% (6/14), ApoE4 carriers heterozygous 7.6% (5/66) and ApoE non-carriers 7.1% (9/126). The overall ARIA- E rate was 9.7% (20/206) of patients treated with lecanemab 10 mg/kg biweekly.
ARIA-E Rates Frequency and Severity
In the Core study and OLE, the majority of ARIA-E events occurred within the first 3 months of treatment (75% [12/16]) and resolved within 4 months of onset. For the majority of patients, the radiographic severity was mild or moderate; severe radiographic severity was reported in 1.2% (2/161) of patients. The majority of ARIA-E was asymptomatic; with symptomatic ARIA-E reported in 1.9% (3/161) of patients. Symptoms reported in association with ARIA-E included headache, visual disturbance, confusion, aphasia. There has been a single case of ARIA-E associated with seizure in the Core study and OLE to date.
Exposure-Response Model Predicted and Observed ARIA-E vs. Cmax for APOE 4
The PK/PD exposure-ARIA-E model was developed from the Core study utilizing data from all doses and demonstrated that ARIA-E is driven primarily by Cmax. The ApoE4 genotype is a significant covariate in the model. The PK/PD model predicted ARIA-E by Cmax at the 10 mg/kg biweekly dose in the Core study by allele group as follows: ApoE4 carriers homozygous 22.5%, ApoE4 carriers heterozygous 6.8% and ApoE4 non-carriers 5.4%. In addition to the modeling predicting ARIA-E by Cmax in the Core study, it confirmed the observed ARIA-E in the OLE. Given the small data set for ApoE4 homozygous patients, this will be evaluated in Eisai's Phase 3 Clarity AD clinical trial.
ARIA-H Rates
In the Core study, the incidence was higher in ApoE4 homozygous carriers than in ApoE4 heterozygous carriers and non-carriers. ARIA-H was observed in 6.2% (10/161) of patients treated with lecanemab 10 mg/kg biweekly compared with 4.9% (12/245) of placebo patients. The rate of ARIA-H was higher in ApoE4 carriers (12.2% [6/49] vs placebo 5.2% [9/174]), than in ApoE 4 non- carriers (3.6% [4/112] vs placebo 4.2% [3/71]). All patients with microhemorrhage or superficial siderosis were asymptomatic. There has been one report of symptomatic cerebral macrohemorrhage. These data are hypothesis-generating and will be further evaluated in Clarity AD.
3. Phase 2b (Study 201) Lecanemab Early AD Study Biomarker Results, Correlations with Clinical Outcomes and Potential Less-Frequent Maintenance Dosing
- Abeta42/40 and P-Tau181 are plasma biomarkers that signal sequential changes in AD progression. Lecanemab has an effect on these plasma biomarkers as amyloid plaque reduction is related to soluble amyloid and P-Tau. Lecanemab has a dose- and time-dependent reduction of amyloid plaques with a correlated increase in plasma Abeta42/40 and a decrease in plasma P-Tau181. Changes in plasma Abeta42/40 and P-Tau18 also correlate with change from baseline Clinical Dementia Rating scale Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB). In the Core study, a correlation in change from baseline in amyloid PET SUVR and plasma Abeta42/40 ratio and plasma P-tau181 was observed at 18 months, indicating that plasma biomarkers could potentially help with measuring clinical changes.
- When lecanemab treatment was discontinued at the end of the Core study, changes in the plasma Abeta42/40 (47%), P-Tau18 (24%), and amyloid PET SUVR (21%), gradually began to reverse, suggesting stopping therapy prematurely may potentially allow re-accumulation of pathology. Less frequent maintenance treatment to prevent re-accumulation may be possible based on data and modeling. Eisai will further explore maintenance dosing in the subcutaneous substudy of the Study 201 OLE, which will evaluate alternative dosing every 4 weeks or every 12 weeks.
- Increasing strong evidence highlights the role of amyloid plaques in triggering tau dysregulation and researchers optimize tau therapeutics by removing a key driver of tau dyshomeostasis (amyloid). For this reason, the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network Trials Unit (DIAN-TU), led by Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, selected lecanemab as the backbone anti-amyloid therapy for anti-tau combination for the ongoing component of the Tau NexGen clinical study, which continues enrollment efforts.
4. Update on Lecanemab Clinical Development, Including New Subcutaneous Formulation
Eisai's Dr. Michael Irizarry Senior VP of Clinical Research and Deputy Chief Clinical Officer presented updates on key lecanemab clinical trials.
- Clarity AD Phase 3: The innovative Bayesian design of lecanemab's robust dose-ranging Phase 2b study allowed Eisai to design the Phase 3 confirmatory Clarity AD clinical trial to verify lecanemab's clinical efficacy and safety in early AD. Enrollment is complete with 1,795 participants globally. Additionally, Eisai's recruitment strategy for the Clarity AD clinical trial ensured greater inclusion of ethnic and racial populations in the U.S., resulting in approximately 25% of the total U.S. enrollment including Hispanic (22.5%) and African American (4.5%) persons living with early AD, which mirrors the U.S. Medicare population. The readout will occur in Fall 2022.
- AHEAD3-45 Phase 3 Study in Preclinical AD: As of March 2022, there were over 2,900 people screened, resulting in 287 participants enrolled.
- Clarity AD Subcutaneous Substudy: Eisai is developing a subcutaneous formulation of lecanemab with the potential to be administered at home by the patient or caregiver via an auto-injector with a more rapid administration than the IV formulation (<15 second SC injection versus ~1h infusion). PK/PD modeling of Study 201 suggests that the average lecanemab concentration (Cave) predicts amyloid clearance while the maximal lecanemab concentration (Cmax) predicts ARIA-E rate. Since subcutaneous administration results in a blunted Cmax, the SC dose with comparable Cave to 10 mg/kg IV is hypothesized to have similar amyloid reduction with potentially reduced incidence of ARIA-E relative to IV but less than half the ARIA- E rate as IV. Eisai is evaluating the SC formulation in the Clarity AD OLE.
"The invited lecanemab presentations at AD/PD provide new and exciting insights into how the mechanism of action of late-stage anti-amyloid antibodies differ and how that may help simplify the patient journey by offering a less frequent dosing regimen while providing long-term benefit," said Lynn Kramer, M.D., Chief Clinical Officer, Neurology Business Group, Eisai. "Eisai aims to bring these potential innovations to people living with early AD and healthcare providers as quickly as possible as we work to fulfill our human health care mission."
Lecanemab was granted Breakthrough Therapy and Fast Track designations by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June and December 2021, respectively. Eisai anticipates completing lecanemab's rolling submission of a Biologics License Application for the treatment of early AD to the FDA under the accelerated approval pathway. Eisai expects to complete this rolling submission in the first quarter of our fiscal year 2022, which begins April 1, 2022. Eisai initiated a submission to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) of application data of lecanemab under the prior assessment consultation system in Japan in March 2022. Additionally, the readout of the Phase 3 confirmatory Clarity AD clinical trial will occur in the Fall of 2022. Eisai serves as the lead of lecanemab development and regulatory submissions globally with both companies co-commercializing and co-promoting the product and Eisai having final decision-making authority.
This release discusses investigational uses of an agent in development and is not intended to convey conclusions about efficacy or safety. There is no guarantee that such an investigational agent will successfully complete clinical development or gain health authority approval.
(1) Swanson C.et all, November, 9-12, 2021, Clinical Trials On Alzheimer's Disease Annual Meeting, Lecanemab: An Assessment of the Clinical Effects, the Correlation of Plasma Abeta 42/40 Ratio With Changes in Brain Amyloid PET SUVr, and Safety from the Core and Open Label Extension of the Phase 2 Proof-of- Concept Study, BAN2401-G000-201, in Subjects With Early Alzheimer's Disease.
Contacts:
MEDIA CONTACT:
Eisai Co., Ltd.
Public Relations Department
+81-(0)3-3817-5120
Eisai Inc. (U.S.) Libby Holman
+ 1-201-753-1945
Libby_Holman@eisai.com
INVESTOR CONTACT:
Eisai Co., Ltd.
Investor Relations Department
+81-(0)70-8688-9685
MEDIA CONTACT:
Biogen Inc. Ashleigh Koss
+ 1-908-205-2572
public.affairs@biogen.com
INVESTOR CONTACT:
Biogen Inc. Mike Hencke
+ 1-781-464-2442
IR@biogen.com
For more information, visit https://www.eisai.com/news/2022/pdf/enews202221pdf.pdf.
Copyright 2022 JCN Newswire. All rights reserved. www.jcnnewswire.comEisai Co., Ltd. and Biogen Inc. announced today that the latest findings on lecanemab, an investigational anti-amyloid-beta (Abeta) protofibril antibody being developed for the treatment of early Alzheimer's disease (AD), were presented at the Abeta Targeted Therapies in AD 2 Symposium at the 2022 International Conference on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases (AD/PD) March 15-20 in Barcelona, Spain and virtually.
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