Glossary

C2+ chemicals

organic compounds that contain two or more carbon atoms.

Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle

a series of redox reactions that takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms.

Carbon-neutral/carbon-negative bioproduction

a bioprocess of net zero/negative carbon dioxide emissions.

Crabtree-negative yeast

yeast that produces only biomass and carbon dioxide, instead of ethanol, during aerobic fermentation.

Degree of reduction

the number of equivalents of available electrons per gram atom of carbon; used to estimate the reducibility of compounds.

Energy homeostasis

microbial cells need a continuous supply of energy to maintain energy homeostasis for the performance of complex physiological functions, such as resource uptake, cell growth, bioproduction, metabolite export, and stress tolerance.

Faraday efficiency

describes the efficiency with which charge (electrons) is transferred in a system facilitating an electrochemical reaction.

Formatotrophic

refers to a microorganism with a natural capability to utilize formate as the sole carbon and energy source.

Growth-associated maintenance energy (GAME)

a term that describes the amount of energy that cells need to grow and divide. GAME depends on the specific growth rate of the cells and decreases as the growth rate increases.

Microbial consortia

two or more bacterial or microbial groups living symbiotically.

Native methylotroph

microorganism with a natural capability to utilize methane or methanol as the sole carbon and energy source.

Nongrowth-associated maintenance energy (NGAME)

a term that describes the amount of energy that cells need to maintain their basic functions and survive. NGAME includes processes such as maintaining osmotic and ionic gradients across the cell membrane, repairing damage, and synthesizing enzymes.

One-carbon (C1) feedstocks

feedstocks of one-carbon molecules such as methanol, formate, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, etc.

Overflow metabolites

substances produced and released by cells when they incompletely oxidize their growth substrate instead of using the respiratory pathway, such as lactate, acetate, and ethanol.

Photocatalyst–microbe hybrids

behave as a semi-artificial photosynthetic system, integrate microbial cells with artificial photocatalysts for solar-to-chemical conversion.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen (O₂). Examples of ROS include peroxides, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and singlet oxygen.

Reduction equivalent

refers to any of a number of chemical species which transfer the equivalent of one electron in redox reactions.

Rigidity

the metabolic network and flow distribution that will not be significantly adjusted due to changes in the external environment or end products.

Synthetic methylotrophs

nonnative methylotrophs that are created by endowing nonmethylotrophic platform microorganisms with a methanol-utilization pathway.

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• Source: https://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology/fulltext/S0167-7799(23)00087-2?rss=yes