Whitesides, G. M., Mathias, J. P. & Seto, C. T. Molecular self-assembly and nanochemistry: a chemical strategy for the synthesis of nanostructures. Science 254, 1312–1319 (1991).
Aida, T., Meijer, E. & Stupp, S. I. Functional supramolecular polymers. Science 335, 813–817 (2012).
Zhang, S. et al. A self-assembly pathway to aligned monodomain gels. Nat. Mater. 9, 594–601 (2010).
Koutsopoulos, S., Unsworth, L. D., Nagai, Y. & Zhang, S. Controlled release of functional proteins through designer self-assembling peptide nanofiber hydrogel scaffold. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 4623–4628 (2009).
Tantakitti, F. et al. Energy landscapes and functions of supramolecular systems. Nat. Mater. 15, 469–476 (2016).
Ortony, J. H. et al. Internal dynamics of a supramolecular nanofibre. Nat. Mater. 13, 812–816 (2014).
Schief, W., Touryan, L., Hall, S. & Vogel, V. Nanoscale topographic instabilities of a phospholipid monolayer. J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 7388–7393 (2000).
da Silva, R. M. et al. Super-resolution microscopy reveals structural diversity in molecular exchange among peptide amphiphile nanofibres. Nat. Commun. 7, 11561 (2016).
Wimley, W. C. & Thompson, T. E. Transbilayer and interbilayer phospholipid exchange in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine large unilamellar vesicles. Biochemistry 30, 1702–1709 (1991).
Ortony, J. H. et al. Water dynamics from the surface to the interior of a supramolecular nanostructure. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 8915–8921 (2017).
Yuan, D., Shi, J., Du, X., Zhou, N. & Xu, B. Supramolecular glycosylation accelerates proteolytic degradation of peptide nanofibrils. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 10092–10095 (2015).
Toledano, S., Williams, R. J., Jayawarna, V. & Ulijn, R. V. Enzyme-triggered self-assembly of peptide hydrogels via reversed hydrolysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 1070–1071 (2006).
Freeman, R. et al. Reversible self-assembly of superstructured networks. Science 362, 808–813 (2018).
Williams, R. J. et al. Enzyme-assisted self-assembly under thermodynamic control. Nat. Nanotechnol. 4, 19–24 (2009).
Hashim, P., Bergueiro, J., Meijer, E. & Aida, T. Supramolecular polymerization: a conceptual expansion for innovative materials. Prog. Polym. Sci. 105, 101250 (2020).
Xu, Y. et al. Nanostructured polymer films with metal-like thermal conductivity. Nat. Commun. 10, 1771 (2019).
Tuller, H. L. Ionic conduction in nanocrystalline materials. Solid State Ion. 131, 143–157 (2000).
Sherrington, D. C. & Taskinen, K. A. Self-assembly in synthetic macromolecular systems via multiple hydrogen bonding interactions. Chem. Soc. Rev. 30, 83–93 (2001).
Dobb, M., Johnson, D. & Saville, B. Supramolecular structure of a high-modulus polyaromatic fiber (Kevlar 49). J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed. 15, 2201–2211 (1977).
Seyler, H., Storz, C., Abbel, R. & Kilbinger, A. F. A facile synthesis of aramide–peptide amphiphiles. Soft Matter 5, 2543–2545 (2009).
Claussen, R. C., Rabatic, B. M. & Stupp, S. I. Aqueous self-assembly of unsymmetric peptide bolaamphiphiles into nanofibers with hydrophilic cores and surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 12680–12681 (2003).
Yang, M. et al. Dispersions of aramid nanofibers: a new nanoscale building block. ACS Nano 5, 6945–6954 (2011).
Schleuss, T. W. et al. Hockey-puck micelles from oligo(p-benzamide)-b-PEG rod–coil block copolymers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 2969–2975 (2006).
Bohle, A. et al. Hydrogen-bonded aggregates of oligoaramide−poly(ethylene glycol) block copolymers. Macromolecules 43, 4978–4985 (2010).
Abbel, R., Schleuss, T. W., Frey, H. & Kilbinger, A. F. M. Rod-length dependent aggregation in a series of oligo(p-benzamide)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) rod-coil copolymers. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 206, 2067–2074 (2005).
Johansson, A., Kollman, P., Rothenberg, S. & McKelvey, J. Hydrogen bonding ability of the amide group. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96, 3794–3800 (1974).
Dixon, D. A., Dobbs, K. D. & Valentini, J. J. Amide-water and amide-amide hydrogen bond strengths. J. Phys. Chem. 98, 13435–13439 (1994).
Kline, S. R. Reduction and analysis of SANS and USANS data using IGOR Pro. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 39, 895–900 (2006).
Nallet, F., Laversanne, R. & Roux, D. Modelling X-ray or neutron scattering spectra of lyotropic lamellar phases: interplay between form and structure factors. J. Phys. II 3, 487–502 (1993).
Mertens, H. D. & Svergun, D. I. Structural characterization of proteins and complexes using small-angle X-ray solution scattering. J. Struct. Biol. 172, 128–141 (2010).
Yokoi, H., Kinoshita, T. & Zhang, S. Dynamic reassembly of peptide RADA16 nanofiber scaffold. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 8414–8419 (2005).
Hartgerink, J. D., Beniash, E. & Stupp, S. I. Self-assembly and mineralization of peptide-amphiphile nanofibers. Science 294, 1684–1688 (2001).
Cravotto, G. & Cintas, P. Molecular self-assembly and patterning induced by sound waves. The case of gelation. Chem. Soc. Rev. 38, 2684–2697 (2009).
Gorelik, T. E., van de Streek, J., Kilbinger, A. F., Brunklaus, G. & Kolb, U. Ab-initio crystal structure analysis and refinement approaches of oligo p-benzamides based on electron diffraction data. Acta Crystallogr. B Struct. Sci. 68, 171–181 (2012).
Gorelik, T. et al. H-bonding schemes of di- and tri-p-benzamides assessed by a combination of electron diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction and solid-state NMR. CrystEngComm 12, 1824–1832 (2010).
Wang, J., Liu, K., Xing, R. & Yan, X. Peptide self-assembly: thermodynamics and kinetics. Chem. Soc. Rev. 45, 5589–5604 (2016).
Barth, A. Infrared spectroscopy of proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg. 1767, 1073–1101 (2007).
Zandomeneghi, G., Krebs, M. R., McCammon, M. G. & Fändrich, M. FTIR reveals structural differences between native β‐sheet proteins and amyloid fibrils. Protein Sci. 13, 3314–3321 (2004).
Matayoshi, E. D., Wang, G. T., Krafft, G. A. & Erickson, J. Novel fluorogenic substrates for assaying retroviral proteases by resonance energy transfer. Science 247, 954–958 (1990).
Wu, B., Heidelberg, A. & Boland, J. J. Mechanical properties of ultrahigh-strength gold nanowires. Nat. Mater. 4, 525–529 (2005).
Smith, J. F., Knowles, T. P., Dobson, C. M., MacPhee, C. E. & Welland, M. E. Characterization of the nanoscale properties of individual amyloid fibrils. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 15806–15811 (2006).
Knowles, T. P. et al. Role of intermolecular forces in defining material properties of protein nanofibrils. Science 318, 1900–1903 (2007).
Lamour, G., Kirkegaard, J. B., Li, H., Knowles, T. P. & Gsponer, J. Easyworm: an open-source software tool to determine the mechanical properties of worm-like chains. Source Code Biol. Med. 9, 16 (2014).
Huang, Y. Y., Knowles, T. P. & Terentjev, E. M. Strength of nanotubes, filaments, and nanowires from sonication‐induced scission. Adv. Mater. 21, 3945–3948 (2009).
Nassar, R., Wong, E., Gsponer, J. & Lamour, G. Inverse correlation between amyloid stiffness and size. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141, 58–61 (2019).
Peng, Z. et al. High tensile strength of engineered β-solenoid fibrils via sonication and pulling. Biophys. J. 113, 1945–1955 (2017).
Santos, H. M., Lodeiro, C. & Capelo-Martínez, J.-L. in Ultrasound in Chemistry: Analytical Applications 1–16 (Wiley Online Library, 2009).
Lamour, G. et al. Mapping the broad structural and mechanical properties of amyloid fibrils. Biophys. J. 112, 584–594 (2017).
Zhao, X. et al. Molecular self-assembly and applications of designer peptide amphiphiles. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 3480–3498 (2010).
Niece, K. L., Hartgerink, J. D., Donners, J. J. & Stupp, S. I. Self-assembly combining two bioactive peptide-amphiphile molecules into nanofibers by electrostatic attraction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 7146–7147 (2003).
Angeloni, N. L. et al. Regeneration of the cavernous nerve by Sonic hedgehog using aligned peptide amphiphile nanofibers. Biomaterials 32, 1091–1101 (2011).
Fink, L., Steiner, A., Szekely, O., Szekely, P. & Raviv, U. Structure and interactions between charged lipid membranes in the presence of multivalent ions. Langmuir 35, 9694–9703 (2019).
Knowles, T. P. & Buehler, M. J. Nanomechanics of functional and pathological amyloid materials. Nat. Nanotechnol. 6, 469–479 (2011).
Bradbury, R. & Nagao, M. Effect of charge on the mechanical properties of surfactant bilayers. Soft Matter 12, 9383–9390 (2016).
Takahashi, Y., Ozaki, Y., Takase, M. & Krigbaum, W. Crystal structure of poly(p‐benzamide). J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 31, 1135–1143 (1993).
Paramonov, S. E., Jun, H.-W. & Hartgerink, J. D. Self-assembly of peptide−amphiphile nanofibers: the roles of hydrogen bonding and amphiphilic packing. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 7291–7298 (2006).
Russell, P. Photonic crystal fibers. Science 299, 358–362 (2003).
Lindemann, W. R., Christoff-Tempesta, T. & Ortony, J. H. A global minimization toolkit for batch-fitting and χ2 cluster analysis of CW-EPR spectra. Biophys. J. 119, 1937–1945 (2020).
