Zephyrnet Logo

Policies for elementary links in a quantum network

Date:


Sumeet Khatri

Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA

Find this paper interesting or want to discuss? Scite or leave a comment on SciRate.

Abstract

Distributing entanglement over long distances is one of the central tasks in quantum networks. An important problem, especially for near-term quantum networks, is to develop optimal entanglement distribution protocols that take into account the limitations of current and near-term hardware, such as quantum memories with limited coherence time. We address this problem by initiating the study of quantum network protocols for entanglement distribution using the theory of decision processes, such that optimal protocols (referred to as $policies$ in the context of decision processes) can be found using dynamic programming or reinforcement learning algorithms. As a first step, in this work we focus exclusively on the elementary link level. We start by defining a quantum decision process for elementary links, along with figures of merit for evaluating policies. We then provide two algorithms for determining policies, one of which we prove to be optimal (with respect to fidelity and success probability) among all policies. Then we show that the previously-studied memory-cutoff protocol can be phrased as a policy within our decision process framework, allowing us to obtain several new fundamental results about it. The conceptual developments and results of this work pave the way for the systematic study of the fundamental limitations of near-term quantum networks, and the requirements for physically realizing them.

The quantum internet is one of the frontiers of quantum information science. It has the potential to revolutionize the way we communicate and do other tasks, and it will allow for tasks that are not possible using the current, classical internet alone, such as quantum teleportation and quantum key distribution. Realizing the quantum internet is a major task, both from the theoretical perspective and from the practical perspective. Understanding the performance of quantum network protocols, particularly with noisy, imperfect near-term devices, is crucial in order to begin realizing small-scale quantum networks. This work sets out on the task of quantifying the performance of quantum network protocols, in particular determining optimal protocols, using the theory of decision processes. As a first step, in this work we focus on the elementary link level. We establish a theoretical framework based on decision processes that allows us to determine an optimal protocol for an elementary link in the presence of device imperfections. This theoretical framework also allows us to determine several new and fundamental results about a well known and heavily studied protocol, which we refer to here as the “memory-cutoff protocol”. The developments of this work pave the way for a complete theory of practical quantum network protocols, which we expect will help drive the physical realization of small-scale quantum networks, and eventually lead to the realization of a global-scale quantum internet.

► BibTeX data

► References

[1] H. J. Kimble “The quantum internet” Nature 453 (2008).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​nature07127

[2] Christoph Simon “Towards a global quantum network” Nature Photonics 11, 678–680 (2017).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​s41566-017-0032-0

[3] Davide Castelvecchi “The quantum internet has arrived (and it hasn’t)” Nature 554, 289–292 (2018).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​d41586-018-01835-3

[4] Stephanie Wehner, David Elkouss, and Ronald Hanson, “Quantum internet: A vision for the road ahead” Science 362 (2018).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1126/​science.aam9288

[5] Jonathan Dowling “Schrödinger’s Web: Race to Build the Quantum Internet” Taylor & Francis (2020).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1201/​9780367337629

[6] Charles H. Bennett, Gilles Brassard, Claude Crépeau, Richard Jozsa, Asher Peres, and William K. Wootters, “Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels” Physical Review Letters 70, 1895–1899 (1993).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.70.1895

[7] Lev Vaidman “Teleportation of quantum states” Physical Review A 49, 1473–1476 (1994).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.49.1473

[8] Samuel L. Braunstein, Christopher A. Fuchs, and H. J. Kimble, “Criteria for continuous-variable quantum teleportation” Journal of Modern Optics 47, 267–278 (2000).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1080/​09500340008244041

[9] Charles H. Bennett and Gilles Brassard “Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing” International Conference on Computer System and Signal Processing, IEEE 175–179 (1984).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1016/​j.tcs.2014.05.025

[10] Artur K. Ekert “Quantum cryptography based on Bell’s theorem” Physical Review Letters 67, 661–663 (1991).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.67.661

[11] Nicolas Gisin, Grégoire Ribordy, Wolfgang Tittel, and Hugo Zbinden, “Quantum cryptography” Reviews of Modern Physics 74, 145–195 (2002).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​RevModPhys.74.145

[12] Valerio Scarani, Helle Bechmann-Pasquinucci, Nicolas J. Cerf, Miloslav Dušek, Norbert Lütkenhaus, and Momtchil Peev, “The security of practical quantum key distribution” Reviews of Modern Physics 81, 1301–1350 (2009).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​RevModPhys.81.1301

[13] Richard Jozsa, Daniel S. Abrams, Jonathan P. Dowling, and Colin P. Williams, “Quantum Clock Synchronization Based on Shared Prior Entanglement” Physical Review Letters 85, 2010–2013 (2000).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.85.2010

[14] John Preskill “Quantum clock synchronization and quantum error correction” arXiv:quant-ph/​0010098 (2000).
https:/​/​arxiv.org/​abs/​quant-ph/​0010098

[15] Ulvi Yurtsever and Jonathan P. Dowling “Lorentz-invariant look at quantum clock-synchronization protocols based on distributed entanglement” Physical Review A 65, 052317 (2002).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.65.052317

[16] Ebubechukwu O. Ilo-Okeke, Louis Tessler, Jonathan P. Dowling, and Tim Byrnes, “Remote quantum clock synchronization without synchronized clocks” npj Quantum Information 4, 40 (2018).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​s41534-018-0090-2

[17] J. I. Cirac, A. K. Ekert, S. F. Huelga, and C. Macchiavello, “Distributed quantum computation over noisy channels” Physical Review A 59, 4249–4254 (1999).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.59.4249

[18] P. Kómár, E. M. Kessler, M. Bishof, L. Jiang, A. S. Sørensen, J. Ye, and M. D. Lukin, “A quantum network of clocks” Nature Physics 10, 582 (2014).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​nphys3000

[19] C. L. Degen, F. Reinhard, and P. Cappellaro, “Quantum sensing” Reviews of Modern Physics 89, 035002 (2017).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​RevModPhys.89.035002

[20] Quntao Zhuang, Zheshen Zhang, and Jeffrey H. Shapiro, “Distributed quantum sensing using continuous-variable multipartite entanglement” Physical Review A 97, 032329 (2018).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.97.032329

[21] Zachary Eldredge, Michael Foss-Feig, Jonathan A. Gross, S. L. Rolston, and Alexey V. Gorshkov, “Optimal and secure measurement protocols for quantum sensor networks” Physical Review A 97, 042337 (2018).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.97.042337

[22] Timothy J. Proctor, Paul A. Knott, and Jacob A. Dunningham, “Multiparameter Estimation in Networked Quantum Sensors” Physical Review Letters 120, 080501 (2018).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.120.080501

[23] Yi Xia, Quntao Zhuang, William Clark, and Zheshen Zhang, “Repeater-enhanced distributed quantum sensing based on continuous-variable multipartite entanglement” Physical Review A 99, 012328 (2019).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.99.012328

[24] D. L. Moehring, P. Maunz, S. Olmschenk, K. C. Younge, D. N. Matsukevich, L.-M. Duan, and C. Monroe, “Entanglement of single-atom quantum bits at a distance” Nature 449, 68 (2007).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​nature06118

[25] P. Maunz, S. Olmschenk, D. Hayes, D. N. Matsukevich, L.-M. Duan, and C. Monroe, “Heralded Quantum Gate between Remote Quantum Memories” Physical Review Letters 102, 250502 (2009).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.102.250502

[26] M. Peev, C. Pacher, R. Alléaume, and C. Barreiro, “The SECOQC quantum key distribution network in Vienna” New Journal of Physics 11, 075001 (2009).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1088/​1367-2630/​11/​7/​075001

[27] Teng-Yun Chen, Jian Wang, Hao Liang, and Wei-Yue Liu, “Metropolitan all-pass and inter-city quantum communication network” Optics Express 18, 27217–27225 (2010).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1364/​OE.18.027217
http:/​/​www.opticsexpress.org/​abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-26-27217

[28] Abdul Mirza and Francesco Petruccione “Realizing long-term quantum cryptography” Journal of the Optical Society of America B 27, A185–A188 (2010).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1364/​JOSAB.27.00A185
http:/​/​josab.osa.org/​abstract.cfm?URI=josab-27-6-A185

[29] D. Stucki, M. Legré, F. Buntschu, and B. Clausen, “Long-term performance of the SwissQuantum quantum key distribution network in a field environment” New Journal of Physics 13, 123001 (2011).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1088/​1367-2630/​13/​12/​123001

[30] M. Sasaki, M. Fujiwara, H. Ishizuka, and W. Klaus, “Field test of quantum key distribution in the Tokyo QKD Network” Optics Express 19, 10387–10409 (2011).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1364/​OE.19.010387
http:/​/​www.opticsexpress.org/​abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-11-10387

[31] Stephan Ritter, Christian Nölleke, Carolin Hahn, and Andreas Reiserer, “An elementary quantum network of single atoms in optical cavities” Nature 484, 195 (2012).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​nature11023

[32] Julian Hofmann, Michael Krug, Norbert Ortegel, Lea Gérard, Markus Weber, Wenjamin Rosenfeld, and Harald Weinfurter, “Heralded Entanglement Between Widely Separated Atoms” Science 337, 72–75 (2012).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1126/​science.1221856
https:/​/​science.sciencemag.org/​content/​337/​6090/​72

[33] H. Bernien, B. Hensen, W. Pfaff, G. Koolstra, M. S. Blok, L. Robledo, T. H. Taminiau, M. Markham, D. J. Twitchen, L. Childress, and R. Hanson, “Heralded entanglement between solid-state qubits separated by three metres” Nature 497, 86–90 (2013).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​nature12016

[34] Shuang Wang, Wei Chen, Zhen-Qiang Yin, and Hong-Wei Li, “Field and long-term demonstration of a wide area quantum key distribution network” Optics Express 22, 21739–21756 (2014).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1364/​OE.22.021739
http:/​/​www.opticsexpress.org/​abstract.cfm?URI=oe-22-18-21739

[35] Aymeric Delteil, Zhe Sun, Wei-bo Gao, Emre Togan, Stefan Faelt, and Ataç Imamoǧlu, “Generation of heralded entanglement between distant hole spins” Nature Physics 12, 218–223 (2016).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​nphys3605

[36] R. Stockill, M. J. Stanley, L. Huthmacher, E. Clarke, M. Hugues, A. J. Miller, C. Matthiesen, C. Le Gall, and M. Atatüre, “Phase-Tuned Entangled State Generation between Distant Spin Qubits” Physical Review Letters 119, 010503 (2017).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.119.010503

[37] Norbert Kalb, Andreas A. Reiserer, Peter C. Humphreys, and Jacob J. W. Bakermans, “Entanglement distillation between solid-state quantum network nodes” Science 356, 928–932 (2017).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1126/​science.aan0070

[38] Juan Yin, Yuan Cao, Yu-Huai Li, Sheng-Kai Liao, Liang Zhang, Ji-Gang Ren, Wen-Qi Cai, Wei-Yue Liu, Bo Li, Hui Dai, Guang-Bing Li, Qi-Ming Lu, Yun-Hong Gong, Yu Xu, Shuang-Lin Li, Feng-Zhi Li, Ya-Yun Yin, Zi-Qing Jiang, Ming Li, Jian-Jun Jia, Ge Ren, Dong He, Yi-Lin Zhou, Xiao-Xiang Zhang, Na Wang, Xiang Chang, Zhen-Cai Zhu, Nai-Le Liu, Yu-Ao Chen, Chao-Yang Lu, Rong Shu, Cheng-Zhi Peng, Jian-Yu Wang, and Jian-Wei Pan, “Satellite-based entanglement distribution over 1200 kilometers” Science 356, 1140–1144 (2017).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1126/​science.aan3211
http:/​/​science.sciencemag.org/​content/​356/​6343/​1140

[39] Peter C. Humphreys, Norbert Kalb, Jaco P. J. Morits, Raymond N. Schouten, Raymond F. L. Vermeulen, Daniel J. Twitchen, Matthew Markham, and Ronald Hanson, “Deterministic delivery of remote entanglement on a quantum network” Nature 558, 268 (2018).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​s41586-018-0200-5

[40] Darius Bunandar, Anthony Lentine, Catherine Lee, and Hong Cai, “Metropolitan Quantum Key Distribution with Silicon Photonics” Physical Review X 8, 021009 (2018).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevX.8.021009

[41] Qiang Zhang, Feihu Xu, Yu-Ao Chen, Cheng-Zhi Peng, and Jian-Wei Pan, “Large scale quantum key distribution: challenges and solutions” Optics Express 26, 24260–24273 (2018).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1364/​OE.26.024260
http:/​/​www.opticsexpress.org/​abstract.cfm?URI=oe-26-18-24260

[42] L. J. Stephenson, D. P. Nadlinger, B. C. Nichol, S. An, P. Drmota, T. G. Ballance, K. Thirumalai, J. F. Goodwin, D. M. Lucas, and C. J. Ballance, “High-Rate, High-Fidelity Entanglement of Qubits Across an Elementary Quantum Network” Physical Review Letters 124, 110501 (2020).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.124.110501

[43] Matteo Pompili, Sophie L. N. Hermans, Simon Baier, Hans K. C. Beukers, Peter C. Humphreys, Raymond N. Schouten, Raymond F. L. Vermeulen, Marijn J. Tiggelman, Laura dos Santos Martins, Bas Dirkse, Stephanie Wehner, and Ronald Hanson, “Realization of a multi-node quantum network of remote solid-state qubits” arXiv:2102.04471 (2021).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1126/​science.abg1919
https:/​/​arxiv.org/​abs/​2102.04471

[44] L. O. Mailloux, J. D. Morris, M. R. Grimaila, D. D. Hodson, D. R. Jacques, J. M. Colombi, C. V. Mclaughlin, and J. A. Holes, “A Modeling Framework for Studying Quantum Key Distribution System Implementation Nonidealities” IEEE Access 3, 110–130 (2015).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1109/​ACCESS.2015.2399101
https:/​/​ieeexplore.ieee.org/​document/​7031852

[45] Axel Dahlberg and Stephanie Wehner “SimulaQron—a simulator for developing quantum internet software” Quantum Science and Technology 4, 015001 (2018).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1088/​2058-9565/​aad56e

[46] Ben Bartlett “A distributed simulation framework for quantum networks and channels” arXiv:1808.07047 (2018).
https:/​/​arxiv.org/​abs/​1808.07047

[47] Takaaki Matsuo “Simulation of a Dynamic, RuleSet-based Quantum Network” arXiv:1908.10758 (2019).
https:/​/​arxiv.org/​abs/​1908.10758

[48] Stephen DiAdamo, Janis Nötzel, Benjamin Zanger, and Mehmet Mert Beşe, “QuNetSim: A Software Framework for Quantum Networks” arXiv:2003.06397 (2020).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1109/​TQE.2021.3092395
https:/​/​arxiv.org/​abs/​2003.06397

[49] Xiaoliang Wu, Alexander Kolar, Joaquin Chung, Dong Jin, Tian Zhong, Rajkumar Kettimuthu, and Martin Suchara, “SeQUeNCe: A Customizable Discrete-Event Simulator of Quantum Networks” arXiv:2009.12000 (2020).
https:/​/​arxiv.org/​abs/​2009.12000

[50] Tim Coopmans, Robert Knegjens, Axel Dahlberg, David Maier, Loek Nijsten, Julio Oliveira, Martijn Papendrecht, Julian Rabbie, Filip Rozpędek, Matthew Skrzypczyk, Leon Wubben, Walter de Jong, Damian Podareanu, Ariana Torres Knoop, David Elkouss, and Stephanie Wehner, “NetSquid, a NETwork Simulator for QUantum Information using Discrete events” Communications Physics 4, 164 (2021).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​s42005-021-00647-8

[51] M. L. Puterman “Markov Decision Processes: Discrete Stochastic Dynamic Programming” Wiley (2014).

[52] Richard S. Suttonand Andrew G. Barto “Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction” MIT Press (2018).

[53] Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig “Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach” Pearson (2009).

[54] Julius Wallnöfer, Alexey A. Melnikov, Wolfgang Dür, and Hans J. Briegel, “Machine Learning for Long-Distance Quantum Communication” PRX Quantum 1, 010301 (2020).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PRXQuantum.1.010301

[55] Liang Jiang, Jacob M. Taylor, Navin Khaneja, and Mikhail D. Lukin, “Optimal approach to quantum communication using dynamic programming” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, 17291–17296 (2007).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1073/​pnas.0703284104
https:/​/​www.pnas.org/​content/​104/​44/​17291

[56] Eddie Schoute, Laura Mancinska, Tanvirul Islam, Iordanis Kerenidis, and Stephanie Wehner, “Shortcuts to quantum network routing” arXiv:1610.05238 (2016).
https:/​/​arxiv.org/​abs/​1610.05238

[57] Kaushik Chakraborty, Filip Rozpędek, Axel Dahlberg, and Stephanie Wehner, “Distributed Routing in a Quantum Internet” arXiv:1907.11630 (2019).
https:/​/​arxiv.org/​abs/​1907.11630

[58] O. A. Collins, S. D. Jenkins, A. Kuzmich, and T. A. B. Kennedy, “Multiplexed Memory-Insensitive Quantum Repeaters” Physical Review Letters 98, 060502 (2007).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.98.060502

[59] Christoph Simon, Hugues de Riedmatten, Mikael Afzelius, Nicolas Sangouard, Hugo Zbinden, and Nicolas Gisin, “Quantum Repeaters with Photon Pair Sources and Multimode Memories” Physical Review Letters 98, 190503 (2007).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.98.190503

[60] Nicolas Sangouard, Christoph Simon, Jiří Minář, Hugo Zbinden, Hugues de Riedmatten, and Nicolas Gisin, “Long-distance entanglement distribution with single-photon sources” Physical Review A 76, 050301 (2007).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.76.050301

[61] Nadja K. Bernardes, Ludmiła Praxmeyer, and Peter van Loock, “Rate analysis for a hybrid quantum repeater” Physical Review A 83, 012323 (2011).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.83.012323

[62] Cody Jones, Danny Kim, Matthew T. Rakher, Paul G. Kwiat, and Thaddeus D. Ladd, “Design and analysis of communication protocols for quantum repeater networks” New Journal of Physics 18, 083015 (2016).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1088/​1367-2630/​18/​8/​083015

[63] Suzanne B. van Dam, Peter C. Humphreys, Filip Rozpędek, Stephanie Wehner, and Ronald Hanson, “Multiplexed entanglement generation over quantum networks using multi-qubit nodes” Quantum Science and Technology 2, 034002 (2017).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1088/​2058-9565/​aa7446

[64] Filip Rozpędek, Raja Yehia, Kenneth Goodenough, Maximilian Ruf, Peter C. Humphreys, Ronald Hanson, Stephanie Wehner, and David Elkouss, “Near-term quantum-repeater experiments with nitrogen-vacancy centers: Overcoming the limitations of direct transmission” Physical Review A 99, 052330 (2019).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.99.052330

[65] E. Shchukin, F. Schmidt, and P. van Loock, “Waiting time in quantum repeaters with probabilistic entanglement swapping” Physical Review A 100, 032322 (2019).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.100.032322

[66] Sumeet Khatri, Corey T. Matyas, Aliza U. Siddiqui, and Jonathan P. Dowling, “Practical figures of merit and thresholds for entanglement distribution in quantum networks” Physical Review Research 1, 023032 (2019).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevResearch.1.023032

[67] Siddhartha Santra, Liang Jiang, and Vladimir S. Malinovsky, “Quantum repeater architecture with hierarchically optimized memory buffer times” Quantum Science and Technology 4, 025010 (2019).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1088/​2058-9565/​ab0bc2

[68] Boxi Li, Tim Coopmans, and David Elkouss, “Efficient optimization of cut-offs in quantum repeater chains” arXiv:2005.04946 (2020).
https:/​/​arxiv.org/​abs/​2005.04946

[69] Koji Azuma, Kiyoshi Tamaki, and Hoi-Kwong Lo, “All-photonic quantum repeaters” Nature Communications 6 (2015).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​ncomms7787

[70] K. Boone, J.-P. Bourgoin, E. Meyer-Scott, K. Heshami, T. Jennewein, and C. Simon, “Entanglement over global distances via quantum repeaters with satellite links” Physical Review A 91, 052325 (2015).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.91.052325

[71] Sumeet Khatri, Anthony J. Brady, Renée A. Desporte, Manon P. Bart, and Jonathan P. Dowling, “Spooky action at a global distance: analysis of space-based entanglement distribution for the quantum internet” npj Quantum Information 7, 4 (2021).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​s41534-020-00327-5

[72] Carlo Liorni, Hermann Kampermann, and Dagmar Bruß, “Quantum repeaters in space” New Journal of Physics 23, 053021 (2021).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1088/​1367-2630/​abfa63

[73] Mustafa Gündoǧan, Jasminder S. Sidhu, Victoria Henderson, Luca Mazzarella, Janik Wolters, Daniel K.L. Oi, and Markus Krutzik, “Space-borne quantum memories for global quantum communication” arXiv:2006.10636 (2020).
https:/​/​arxiv.org/​abs/​2006.10636

[74] Mateusz Polnik, Luca Mazzarella, Marilena Di Carlo, Daniel KL Oi, Annalisa Riccardi, and Ashwin Arulselvan, “Scheduling of space to ground quantum key distribution” EPJ Quantum Technology 7, 3 (2020).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1140/​epjqt/​s40507-020-0079-6

[75] Sumeet Khatri “Towards a General Framework for Practical Quantum Network Protocols” thesis (2021) https:/​/​digitalcommons.lsu.edu/​gradschool_dissertations/​5456/​.
https:/​/​digitalcommons.lsu.edu/​gradschool_dissertations/​5456/​

[76] Luciano Aparicio, Rodney Van Meter, and Hiroshi Esaki, “Protocol Design for Quantum Repeater Networks” Proceedings of the 7th Asian Internet Engineering Conference 73–80 (2011).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1145/​2089016.2089029

[77] R. V. Meter and J. Touch “Designing quantum repeater networks” IEEE Communications Magazine 51, 64–71 (2013).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1109/​MCOM.2013.6576340

[78] A. Pirker, J. Wallnöfer, and W. Dür, “Modular architectures for quantum networks” New Journal of Physics 20, 053054 (2018).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1088/​1367-2630/​aac2aa

[79] A. Pirker and W. Dür “A quantum network stack and protocols for reliable entanglement-based networks” New Journal of Physics 21, 033003 (2019).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1088/​1367-2630/​ab05f7

[80] Gayane Vardoyan, Saikat Guha, Philippe Nain, and Don Towsley, “On the exact analysis of an idealized quantum switch” Performance Evaluation 144, 102141 (2020).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1016/​j.peva.2020.102141

[81] Philippe Nain, Gayane Vardoyan, Saikat Guha, and Don Towsley, “On the Analysis of a Multipartite Entanglement Distribution Switch” Proc. ACM Meas. Anal. Comput. Syst. 4 (2020).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1145/​3392141

[82] Gayane Vardoyan, Saikat Guha, Philippe Nain, and Don Towsley, “On the Stochastic Analysis of a Quantum Entanglement Distribution Switch” IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering 2, 1–16 (2021).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1109/​TQE.2021.3058058
arXiv:1903.04420
https:/​/​ieeexplore.ieee.org/​abstract/​document/​9351761

[83] Gayane Vardoyan, Saikat Guha, Philippe Nain, and Don Towsley, “On the Capacity Region of Bipartite and Tripartite Entanglement Switching” SIGMETRICS Perform. Eval. Rev. 48, 45–50 (2021).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1145/​3453953.3453963
arXiv:1901.06786

[84] Thomas A Caswell, Michael Droettboom, Antony Lee, Elliott Sales de Andrade, John Hunter, Tim Hoffmann, Eric Firing, Jody Klymak, David Stansby, Nelle Varoquaux, Jens Hedegaard Nielsen, Benjamin Root, Ryan May, Phil Elson, Jouni K. Seppänen, Darren Dale, Jae-Joon Lee, Damon McDougall, Andrew Straw, Paul Hobson, Christoph Gohlke, Tony S. Yu, Eric Ma, hannah, Adrien F. Vincent, Steven Silvester, Charlie Moad, Nikita Kniazev, Elan Ernest, and Paul Ivanov, “matplotlib” (2021).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.5281/​zenodo.4649959

[85] Koji Azuma, Akihiro Mizutani, and Hoi-Kwong Lo, “Fundamental rate-loss trade-off for the quantum internet” Nature Communications 7, 13523 (2016).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​ncomms13523

[86] Koji Azuma and Go Kato “Aggregating quantum repeaters for the quantum internet” Physical Review A 96, 032332 (2017).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.96.032332

[87] Stefan Bäuml and Koji Azuma “Fundamental limitation on quantum broadcast networks” Quantum Science and Technology 2, 024004 (2017).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1088/​2058-9565/​aa6d3c

[88] Luca Rigovacca, Go Kato, Stefan Bäuml, M. S. Kim, W. J. Munro, and Koji Azuma, “Versatile relative entropy bounds for quantum networks” New Journal of Physics 20, 013033 (2018).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1088/​1367-2630/​aa9fcf

[89] Stefano Pirandola “End-to-end capacities of a quantum communication network” Communications Physics 2, 51 (2019).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​s42005-019-0147-3

[90] Stefano Pirandola “Bounds for multi-end communication over quantum networks” Quantum Science and Technology 4, 045006 (2019).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1088/​2058-9565/​ab3f66

[91] Siddhartha Das, Stefan Bäuml, Marek Winczewski, and Karol Horodecki, “Universal limitations on quantum key distribution over a network” arXiv:1912.03646 (2019).
https:/​/​arxiv.org/​abs/​1912.03646

[92] H.-J. Briegel, W. Dür, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, “Quantum Repeaters: The Role of Imperfect Local Operations in Quantum Communication” Physical Review Letters 81, 5932–5935 (1998).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.81.5932

[93] W. Dür, H.-J. Briegel, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, “Quantum repeaters based on entanglement purification” Physical Review A 59, 169–181 (1999).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.59.169

[94] L.-M. Duan, M. D. Lukin, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, “Long-distance quantum communication with atomic ensembles and linear optics” Nature 414 (2001).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​35106500

[95] Robert M. Gingrich, Pieter Kok, Hwang Lee, Farrokh Vatan, and Jonathan P. Dowling, “All Linear Optical Quantum Memory Based on Quantum Error Correction” Physical Review Letters 91, 217901 (2003).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.91.217901

[96] T. C. Ralph, A. J. F. Hayes, and Alexei Gilchrist, “Loss-Tolerant Optical Qubits” Physical Review Letters 95, 100501 (2005).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.95.100501

[97] Liang Jiang, J. M. Taylor, Kae Nemoto, W. J. Munro, Rodney Van Meter, and M. D. Lukin, “Quantum repeater with encoding” Physical Review A 79, 032325 (2009).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.79.032325

[98] Austin G. Fowler, David S. Wang, Charles D. Hill, Thaddeus D. Ladd, Rodney Van Meter, and Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg, “Surface Code Quantum Communication” Physical Review Letters 104, 180503 (2010).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.104.180503

[99] M. Zwerger, W. Dür, and H. J. Briegel, “Measurement-based quantum repeaters” Physical Review A 85, 062326 (2012).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.85.062326

[100] W. J. Munro, A. M. Stephens, S. J. Devitt, K. A. Harrison, and Kae Nemoto, “Quantum communication without the necessity of quantum memories” Nature Photonics 6, 777 (2012).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​nphoton.2012.243

[101] Sreraman Muralidharan, Jungsang Kim, Norbert Lütkenhaus, Mikhail D. Lukin, and Liang Jiang, “Ultrafast and Fault-Tolerant Quantum Communication across Long Distances” Physical Review Letters 112, 250501 (2014).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.112.250501

[102] M. Zwerger, H. J. Briegel, and W. Dür, “Measurement-based quantum communication” Applied Physics B 122, 50 (2016).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1007/​s00340-015-6285-8

[103] Michael Epping, Hermann Kampermann, and Dagmar Bruß, “Large-scale quantum networks based on graphs” New Journal of Physics 18, 053036 (2016).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1088/​1367-2630/​18/​5/​053036

[104] Ryo Namiki, Liang Jiang, Jungsang Kim, and Norbert Lütkenhaus, “Role of syndrome information on a one-way quantum repeater using teleportation-based error correction” Physical Review A 94, 052304 (2016).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.94.052304

[105] Sreraman Muralidharan, Linshu Li, Jungsang Kim, Norbert Lütkenhaus, Mikhail D. Lukin, and Liang Jiang, “Optimal architectures for long distance quantum communication” Scientific Reports 6, 20463 (2016).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​srep20463

[106] Filippo M. Miatto, Michael Epping, and Norbert Lütkenhaus, “Hamiltonians for one-way quantum repeaters” Quantum 2, 75 (2018).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.22331/​q-2018-07-05-75

[107] Xiao Liu, Zong-Quan Zhou, Yi-Lin Hua, Chuan-Feng Li, and Guang-Can Guo, “Semihierarchical quantum repeaters based on moderate lifetime quantum memories” Physical Review A 95, 012319 (2017).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.95.012319

[108] Scott E. Vinay and Pieter Kok “Practical repeaters for ultralong-distance quantum communication” Physical Review A 95, 052336 (2017).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.95.052336

[109] F. Rozpędek, K. Goodenough, J. Ribeiro, N. Kalb, V. Caprara Vivoli, A. Reiserer, R. Hanson, S. Wehner, and D. Elkouss, “Parameter regimes for a single sequential quantum repeater” Quantum Science and Technology 3, 034002 (2018).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1088/​2058-9565/​aab31b

[110] Paul Hilaire, Edwin Barnes, and Sophia E. Economou, “Resource requirements for efficient quantum communication using all-photonic graph states generated from a few matter qubits” Quantum 5, 397 (2021).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.22331/​q-2021-02-15-397

[111] Nicolas Sangouard, Christoph Simon, Hugues de Riedmatten, and Nicolas Gisin, “Quantum repeaters based on atomic ensembles and linear optics” Reviews of Modern Physics 83, 33–80 (2011).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​RevModPhys.83.33

[112] W. J. Munro, K. Azuma, K. Tamaki, and K. Nemoto, “Inside Quantum Repeaters” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 21, 78–90 (2015).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1109/​JSTQE.2015.2392076

[113] Rodney Van Meter “Quantum Networking” John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (2014).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1002/​9781118648919

[114] J. Wallnöfer, M. Zwerger, C. Muschik, N. Sangouard, and W. Dür, “Two-dimensional quantum repeaters” Physical Review A 94, 052307 (2016).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.94.052307

[115] M. Zwerger, A. Pirker, V. Dunjko, H. J. Briegel, and W. Dür, “Long-Range Big Quantum-Data Transmission” Physical Review Letters 120, 030503 (2018).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.120.030503

[116] Siddhartha Das, Sumeet Khatri, and Jonathan P. Dowling, “Robust quantum network architectures and topologies for entanglement distribution” Physical Review A 97, 012335 (2018).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.97.012335

[117] J. Wallnöfer, A. Pirker, M. Zwerger, and W. Dür, “Multipartite state generation in quantum networks with optimal scaling” Scientific Reports 9, 314 (2019).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​s41598-018-36543-5

[118] Axel Dahlberg, Matthew Skrzypczyk, Tim Coopmans, Leon Wubben, Filip Rozpędek, Matteo Pompili, Arian Stolk, Przemysław Pawełczak, Robert Knegjens, Julio de Oliveira Filho, Ronald Hanson, and Stephanie Wehner, “A Link Layer Protocol for Quantum Networks” Proceedings of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication 159–173 (2019).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1145/​3341302.3342070

[119] Clément Meignant, Damian Markham, and Frédéric Grosshans, “Distributing graph states over arbitrary quantum networks” Physical Review A 100, 052333 (2019).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.100.052333

[120] Kaushik Chakraborty, David Elkouss, Bruno Rijsman, and Stephanie Wehner, “Entanglement Distribution in a Quantum Network, a Multi-Commodity Flow-Based Approach” arXiv:2005.14304 (2020).
https:/​/​arxiv.org/​abs/​2005.14304

[121] Kenneth Goodenough, David Elkouss, and Stephanie Wehner, “Optimising repeater schemes for the quantum internet” arXiv:2006.12221 (2020).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.103.032610
https:/​/​arxiv.org/​abs/​2006.12221

[122] Francisco Ferreira da Silva, Ariana Torres-Knoop, Tim Coopmans, David Maier, and Stephanie Wehner, “Optimizing Entanglement Generation and Distribution Using Genetic Algorithms” arXiv:2010.16373 (2020).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1088/​2058-9565/​abfc93
https:/​/​arxiv.org/​abs/​2010.16373

[123] W. Dai, T. Peng, and M. Z. Win, “Optimal Remote Entanglement Distribution” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 38, 540–556 (2020).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1109/​JSAC.2020.2969005

[124] Mihir Pant, Hari Krovi, Don Towsley, Leandros Tassiulas, Liang Jiang, Prithwish Basu, Dirk Englund, and Saikat Guha, “Routing entanglement in the quantum internet” npj Quantum Information 5, 25 (2019).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​s41534-019-0139-x

[125] F. Hahn, A. Pappa, and J. Eisert, “Quantum network routing and local complementation” npj Quantum Information 5, 76 (2019).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​s41534-019-0191-6

[126] Changhao Li, Tianyi Li, Yi-Xiang Liu, and Paola Cappellaro, “Effective routing design for remote entanglement generation on quantum networks” arXiv:2001.02204 (2020).
https:/​/​arxiv.org/​abs/​2001.02204

[127] Yuan Lee, Eric Bersin, Axel Dahlberg, Stephanie Wehner, and Dirk Englund, “A Quantum Router Architecture for High-Fidelity Entanglement Flows in Multi-User Quantum Networks” arXiv:2005.01852 (2020).
https:/​/​arxiv.org/​abs/​2005.01852

[128] R. Van Meter, T. D. Ladd, W. J. Munro, and K. Nemoto, “System Design for a Long-Line Quantum Repeater” IEEE/​ACM Transactions on Networking 17, 1002–1013 (2009).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1109/​TNET.2008.927260

[129] Takaaki Matsuo, Clément Durand, and Rodney Van Meter, “Quantum link bootstrapping using a RuleSet-based communication protocol” Physical Review A 100, 052320 (2019).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.100.052320

[130] M. Razavi, K. Thompson, H. Farmanbar, Ma. Piani, and N. Lütkenhaus, “Physical and architectural considerations in quantum repeaters” Quantum Communications Realized II 7236, 18–30 (2009).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1117/​12.811880

[131] Scott E. Vinay and Pieter Kok “Statistical analysis of quantum-entangled-network generation” Physical Review A 99, 042313 (2019).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.99.042313

[132] S. Brand, T. Coopmans, and D. Elkouss, “Efficient Computation of the Waiting Time and Fidelity in Quantum Repeater Chains” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 38, 619–639 (2020).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1109/​JSAC.2020.2969037

[133] L. Hartmann, B. Kraus, H.-J. Briegel, and W. Dür, “Role of memory errors in quantum repeaters” Physical Review A 75, 032310 (2007).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.75.032310

[134] M. Razavi, M. Piani, and N. Lütkenhaus, “Quantum repeaters with imperfect memories: Cost and scalability” Physical Review A 80, 032301 (2009).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.80.032301

[135] Saikat Guha, Hari Krovi, Christopher A. Fuchs, Zachary Dutton, Joshua A. Slater, Christoph Simon, and Wolfgang Tittel, “Rate-loss analysis of an efficient quantum repeater architecture” Physical Review A 92, 022357 (2015).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.92.022357

[136] Hari Krovi, Saikat Guha, Zachary Dutton, Joshua A. Slater, Christoph Simon, and Wolfgang Tittel, “Practical quantum repeaters with parametric down-conversion sources” Applied Physics B 122, 52 (2016).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1007/​s00340-015-6297-4

[137] V. V. Kuzmin, D. V. Vasilyev, N. Sangouard, W. Dür, and C. A. Muschik, “Scalable repeater architectures for multi-party states” npj Quantum Information 5, 115 (2019).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​s41534-019-0230-3

[138] Jennifer Barry, Daniel T. Barry, and Scott Aaronson, “Quantum partially observable Markov decision processes” Physical Review A 90, 032311 (2014).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.90.032311

[139] Guillermo Andres Cidre “Planning in a Quantum System” thesis (2016) https:/​/​www.andrew.cmu.edu/​user/​gcidre/​.
https:/​/​www.andrew.cmu.edu/​user/​gcidre/​

[140] Shenggang Ying and Mingsheng Ying “Reachability analysis of quantum Markov decision processes” Information and Computation 263, 31–51 (2018).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1016/​j.ic.2018.09.001

[141] V. Dunjko, J. M. Taylor, and H. M. Briegel, “Framework for learning agents in quantum environments” arXiv:1507.08482 (2015).
https:/​/​arxiv.org/​abs/​1507.08482

[142] Vedran Dunjko, Jacob M. Taylor, and Hans J. Briegel, “Quantum-Enhanced Machine Learning” Physical Review Letters 117, 130501 (2016).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.117.130501

[143] Gus Gutoski and John Watrous “Toward a General Theory of Quantum Games” Proceedings of the Thirty-Ninth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing 565–574 (2007) arXiv:quant-ph/​0611234.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1145/​1250790.1250873

[144] G. Chiribella, G. M. D’Ariano, and P. Perinotti, “Quantum Circuit Architecture” Physical Review Letters 101, 060401 (2008).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.101.060401

[145] Giulio Chiribella, Giacomo Mauro D’Ariano, and Paolo Perinotti, “Theoretical framework for quantum networks” Physical Review A 80, 022339 (2009).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.80.022339

[146] Thomas Vidick and John Watrous “Quantum Proofs” Foundations and Trends® in Theoretical Computer Science 11, 1–215 (2016).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1561/​0400000068

[147] Lieven Vandenberghe and Stephen Boyd “Semidefinite Programming” SIAM Review 38, 49–95 (1996).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1137/​1038003

[148] Mislav Cvitković, Ana-Sunčana Smith, and Jayant Pande, “Asymptotic expansions of the hypergeometric function with two large parameters—application to the partition function of a lattice gas in a field of traps” Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 50, 265206 (2017).
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1088/​1751-8121/​aa7213

Cited by

[1] Koji Azuma, Stefan Bäuml, Tim Coopmans, David Elkouss, and Boxi Li, “Tools for quantum network design”, AVS Quantum Science 3 1, 014101 (2021).

[2] Laszlo Gyongyosi, “Objective function estimation for solving optimization problems in gate-model quantum computers”, Scientific Reports 10, 14220 (2020).

[3] Laszlo Gyongyosi, “Decoherence dynamics estimation for superconducting gate-model quantum computers”, Quantum Information Processing 19 10, 369 (2020).

[4] Laszlo Gyongyosi and Sandor Imre, “Scalable distributed gate-model quantum computers”, Scientific Reports 11, 5172 (2021).

[5] Laszlo Gyongyosi and Sandor Imre, “Resource prioritization and balancing for the quantum internet”, Scientific Reports 10, 22390 (2020).

The above citations are from SAO/NASA ADS (last updated successfully 2021-09-07 14:09:42). The list may be incomplete as not all publishers provide suitable and complete citation data.

Could not fetch Crossref cited-by data during last attempt 2021-09-07 14:09:39: Could not fetch cited-by data for 10.22331/q-2021-09-07-537 from Crossref. This is normal if the DOI was registered recently.

PlatoAi. Web3 Reimagined. Data Intelligence Amplified.
Click here to access.

Source: https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2021-09-07-537/

spot_img

Latest Intelligence

spot_img