Masanan kimiyyar lissafi sun zana alamu masu hankali cewa “baƙi” makamashi mai ban mamaki wanda ke motsa sararin samaniya don faɗaɗa sauri da sauri yana iya ɗan raunana da lokaci. Wani bincike ne wanda ke da yuwuwar girgiza tushen kimiyyar lissafi.

"Idan gaskiya ne, zai zama ainihin alamar farko da muka samu game da yanayin makamashi mai duhu a cikin shekaru 25," in ji shi. Adamu Riess, Masanin ilimin taurari a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel don haɗin gwiwar gano makamashi mai duhu a 1998.

Sabbin abubuwan lura sun fito ne daga ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (DESI), waɗanda a yau suka buɗe taswirar sararin samaniya na sararin samaniya da ba a taba gani ba, tare da ma'aunin ma'auni da aka samo daga taswirar. Ga masu bincike da yawa, babban abin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne makircin da ke nuna cewa haɗe-haɗe daban-daban guda uku na abubuwan lura duk suna nuna cewa tasirin makamashi mai duhu ya ragu a cikin eons.

"Yana yiwuwa muna ganin alamun duhun makamashi na haɓaka," in ji Dillon Brout na Jami'ar Boston, memba na ƙungiyar DESI.

Masu bincike a ciki da wajen haɗin gwiwar duk suna jaddada cewa shaidar ba ta da ƙarfi don da'awar ganowa. Abubuwan da aka lura suna ba da fifiko ga lalacewar makamashi mai duhu tare da nau'in matsakaicin mahimmancin ƙididdiga wanda zai iya ɓacewa cikin sauƙi tare da ƙarin bayanai. Amma masu binciken kuma sun lura cewa nau'ikan abubuwan lura guda uku suna nuni a cikin jagora guda mai ban sha'awa, wanda ya yi hannun riga da ma'aunin hoto na makamashi mai duhu a matsayin makamashin da ke cikin sararin samaniya - adadin da Albert Einstein ya sanya wa lakabin "tsarin sararin samaniya" saboda rashin bambancin yanayinsa.

"Abin farin ciki ne," in ji Sesh Nadathur, Masanin ilimin sararin samaniya a Jami'ar Portsmouth wanda ya yi aiki akan binciken DESI. "Idan makamashi mai duhu ba koyaushe ba ne na sararin samaniya, hakan zai zama babban bincike."

Tashi na Cosmological Constant

A shekara ta 1998, ƙungiyar Riess, tare da wata ƙungiyar masanan sararin samaniya karkashin jagorancin Saul Perlmutter, sun yi amfani da hasken taurari masu nisa, masu mutuwa da ake kira supernovas don haskaka tsarin sararin samaniya. Sun gano cewa fadada sararin samaniya yana karuwa da sauri yayin da yake tsufa.

A cewar Einstein na gaba ɗaya ka'idar alaƙa, kowane al'amari ko makamashi na iya haifar da faɗaɗa sararin samaniya. Amma yayin da sararin samaniya ya faɗaɗa, duk nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta da kuzarin da aka sani sun zama ƙasa da yawa yayin da suke bazuwa cikin sararin samaniya. Yayin da yawansu ya faɗi, ya kamata faɗaɗa sararin samaniya ya ragu, ba sauri ba.

Ɗaya daga cikin abu wanda baya zama diluted tare da fadada sararin samaniya, duk da haka, shi ne sararin samaniya. Idan vacuum yana da makamashi na kansa, to yayin da aka sami ƙarin vacuum (sabili da haka ƙarin makamashi), fadadawa zai yi sauri, kamar yadda ƙungiyoyin Riess da Perlmutter suka lura. Ganowar da suka yi na haɓaka haɓakar sararin samaniya ya nuna kasancewar ƙaramin adadin kuzari da ke da alaƙa da vacuum na sararin samaniya - makamashi mai duhu.

A dace, Einstein ya yi la'akari da irin wannan yiwuwar yayin haɓaka alaƙa gabaɗaya. Domin ya hana dilution na kwayoyin halitta daga rugujewar sararin samaniya, ya yi tunanin cewa za a iya shigar da dukkan sararin samaniya da wani ƙayyadadden adadin kuzari, wanda alamar Λ, da ake kira lambda, ke wakilta, kuma ana kiransa da madaidaicin sararin samaniya. Hankalin Einstein ya juya ya zama ashe, domin duniya ba ta daidaita a yadda ya zaci. Amma bayan ganowar 1998 cewa sararin samaniya yana da alama yana tura komai a waje, binciken sararin samaniya ya dawo kuma ya ɗauki matsayinsa a tsakiyar daidaitaccen tsarin ilmin sararin samaniya na yanzu, saitin sinadarai masu haɗaka mai suna "Lambda CDM model."

“Yana da sauki. Lamba daya ce. Yana da wani labari da za ku iya haɗawa da shi. Shi ya sa aka yi imani da cewa yana dawwama,” inji shi Licia Verde, Masanin ilimin sararin samaniya kuma memba na haɗin gwiwar DESI.

Yanzu sabon ƙarni na masana kimiyyar sararin samaniya waɗanda ke amfani da sabon ƙarni na na'urar hangen nesa na iya ɗaukar farkon raɗaɗin wani labari mai daɗi.

Taswirar Sammai

Ɗaya daga cikin waɗancan na'urorin na'urar hangen nesa yana zaune a Kitt Peak a Arizona. Tawagar DESI ta kera madubi mai tsawon mita hudu na na'urar hangen nesa mai dauke da filaye 5,000 na robobi wadanda ke karkata kai tsaye zuwa ga abin da suke a sama. Automation ɗin yana ba da damar tattara bayanai masu saurin walƙiya idan aka kwatanta da binciken binciken galaxy na baya, Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), wanda ya dogara da filaye iri ɗaya waɗanda dole ne a haɗa su cikin faranti na ƙarfe da hannu. A wani dare da aka yi rikodin kwanan nan, DESI ta sami damar yin rikodin wuraren kusan taurari 200,000.

Daga Mayu 2021 zuwa Yuni 2022, zaruruwan mutum-mutumi sun lalata photons da ke isa Duniya daga lokuta daban-daban na tarihin sararin samaniya. Masu binciken DESI tun daga lokacin sun canza wannan bayanan zuwa mafi cikakken taswirar sararin samaniya da aka taɓa yi. Yana fasalta madaidaicin wuraren kusan taurari miliyan 6 kamar yadda suka wanzu tsakanin kusan shekaru biliyan 2 zuwa 12 da suka wuce (a cikin tarihin shekaru biliyan 13.8 na duniya). "DESI babban gwaji ne da ke samar da bayanai masu ban mamaki," in ji Riess.

Sirrin taswirar madaidaicin taswirar DESI shine ikonta na tattara nau'ikan taurari - ma'auni masu arziƙin bayanai suna rikodin ƙarfin kowane haske na haske. Bakan yana bayyana yadda taurari ke nisa da sauri daga gare mu don haka wane zamanin tarihin sararin samaniya muke ganinsa a ciki (da sauri galaxy ke ja da baya, tsohuwar ta ne). Wannan yana ba ku damar daidaita taurarin dangi da juna, amma don daidaita taswirar tare da daidaitattun nisa dangane da Duniya - mahimman bayanai don cikakken sake gina tarihin sararin samaniya - kuna buƙatar wani abu dabam.

Don haɗin gwiwar DESI, cewa wani abu wani abu ne na faci na daskararrun ripples da aka bari a baya daga farkon sararin samaniya. A cikin shekaru dubu ɗari na farko bayan Babban Bang, sararin samaniya ya kasance miya mai zafi, mai kauri na yawancin kwayoyin halitta da haske. Hankali ya ja al'amarin a ciki yayin da haske ya tura shi waje, kuma gwagwarmayar ta kawar da ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa waɗanda ke bazuwa waje daga ɓarke ​​​​na farko a cikin miya. Bayan da sararin samaniya ya yi sanyi kuma atom ya samu, sai ya zama a bayyane. Haske yana gudana a waje, yana barin ripples - wanda ake kira bayonic acoustic oscillations (BAOs) - daskararre a wurin.

Sakamakon ƙarshe shine jerin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan harsashi masu yawa waɗanda ke auna kusan shekaru biliyan haske a fadin - nisan BAOs suna da lokacin tafiya kafin daskarewa. Wadancan bawoyi masu yawa sun ci gaba da samar da tauraron dan adam fiye da sauran wurare, kuma lokacin da masu binciken DESI suka yi taswirar miliyoyin taurari, suna iya gano alamun wadannan sassan. Abubuwan da ke kusa suna bayyana girma fiye da na nesa, amma tun da masu binciken DESI sun san cewa sassan duk girmansu ɗaya ne, za su iya faɗi nisa daga Duniya da gaske taurarin kuma su canza girman taswirar daidai.

Don kauce wa yin tasiri ga sakamakon su ba tare da saninsa ba, masu binciken sun gudanar da bincike na "makafi", suna aiki tare da ma'auni waɗanda aka karkatar da su ba tare da izini ba don ɓoye kowane nau'i na jiki. Bayan haka, haɗin gwiwar sun gana a Hawai'i a watan Disambar da ya gabata don warware sakamakon da kuma ganin irin taswirar kit ɗin mutum-mutumi na Kitt Peak.

Nadathur, wanda ke kallon Zoom kai tsaye daga gidansa da ke Burtaniya, ya ji dadi lokacin da aka fallasa taswirar, domin ya zama abin ban mamaki. "Idan kuna da isasshen kwarewa tare da bayanan BAO, za ku iya ganin cewa za a buƙaci wani abu wanda ya bambanta da daidaitattun samfurin," in ji Nadathur. "Na san cewa Lambda CDM ba cikakken hoton ba ne."

A cikin mako mai zuwa, yayin da masu binciken suka yi amfani da sabon saitin bayanan, suna nazarin shi tare da haɗa shi da wasu manyan bayanan bayanan sararin samaniya, sun gano tushen abin ban mamaki da musayar saƙon Slack.

“Daya daga cikin abokan aikina ya buga wani makirci da ke nuna wannan ƙarancin kuzari kuma bai rubuta komai ba. Makircin kawai da wani fashe emoji, "in ji Nadathur.

Bayanai na Kwanaki

DESI tana da nufin tantance yadda sararin samaniya ya faɗaɗa kan lokaci ta hanyar lura da nau'ikan taurari daban-daban kamar yadda suka bayyana a lokuta bakwai na tarihin sararin samaniya. Sai suka ga yadda waɗannan hotuna guda bakwai suka yi daidai da juyin halitta wanda Lambda CDM ya annabta. Har ila yau, suna la'akari da yadda sauran ra'ayoyin ke yi - irin su ra'ayoyin da ke ba da damar makamashi mai duhu ya bambanta tsakanin hotuna.

Tare da shekarar farko na bayanan DESI kadai, Lambda CDM ya dace da hotunan hoto kusan da kuma samfurin al'amari mai duhu. Sai kawai lokacin da haɗin gwiwar ya haɗu da taswirar DESI tare da wasu hotuna - haske da aka sani da yanayin sararin samaniya da kuma jerin taswirar supernova uku na baya-bayan nan - ka'idodin biyu sun fara rarrabuwa.

Sun gano cewa sakamakon ya bambanta daga hasashen Lambda CDM ta 2.5, 3.5, ko 3.9 “sigmas,” ya danganta da wanne daga cikin kasidun supernova uku da suka haɗa. Ka yi tunanin juya tsabar kuɗi sau 100. Hasashen tsabar tsabar gaskiya shine kawunan 50 da wutsiya 50. Idan kun sami kawunan 60, sigma biyu kenan daga ma'ana; rashin daidaiton abin da ke faruwa kwatsam (kamar yadda aka saba da tsabar kudin da ake tafkawa) shine 1 a cikin 20. Idan kun sami kawunan 75 - wanda ke da damar 1-in-2-million na faruwa ba da gangan ba - wannan shine sakamakon sigma biyar, da mizanin zinari don neman wani bincike a kimiyyar lissafi. ƙimar sigma DESI da aka samu sun faɗi wani wuri a tsakanin; za su iya zama sauye-sauyen ƙididdiga da ba kasafai ba ko kuma shaida ta gaske cewa ƙarfin duhu yana canzawa.

Yayin da masu bincike ke ganin waɗannan lambobi suna taƙama, sun kuma yi gargaɗi game da karantawa da yawa cikin ƙima mafi girma. Duniyar duniya ta fi tsabar tsabar rikitarwa, kuma ma'anar kididdiga ta dogara ne akan zato da hankali a cikin binciken bayanai.

Babban dalili na sha'awar shine gaskiyar cewa dukkanin kasidun supernova guda uku - waɗanda ke tattare da ɗan adam masu zaman kansu na supernovas - suna nuna cewa ƙarfin duhu yana bambanta ta hanya ɗaya: ikonsa yana raguwa, ko kuma kamar yadda masana kimiyyar sararin samaniya suka ce, "narkewa." "Lokacin da muka musanya duk waɗannan bayanan da suka dace, duk sun kasance suna haɗuwa da wannan lambar mara kyau," in ji Brout. Idan bambance-bambancen ya kasance bazuwar, saitin bayanan zai fi yiwuwa su nuna kwatance daban-daban.

Joshua Frieman, Masanin kimiyyar sararin samaniya a Jami'ar Chicago kuma memba na haɗin gwiwar DESI wanda bai yi aiki a kan nazarin bayanan ba, ya ce zai yi farin cikin ganin Lambda CDM ya fadi. A matsayinsa na masanin ka'idar, ya ba da shawarar ka'idodin narke makamashi mai duhu a cikin 1990s, kuma kwanan nan ya haɗu da Binciken Makamashi na Dark - aikin da ya nemi sabani daga Ma'auni daga 2013 zuwa 2019 kuma ya ƙirƙiri ɗaya daga cikin kasidun supernova uku DESI. amfani. Amma kuma yana tunawa da konewarsa ta hanyar bacewar abubuwan da suka shafi sararin samaniya a baya. Frieman ya yi dariya ya ce: “Abin da na yi game da wannan abu ne mai ban sha’awa,” amma “har kurakurai sun yi ƙanƙanta, ba zan rubuta jawabin karɓa na [Nobel] ba.

"Magana a kididdiga, yana iya ɓacewa," in ji Brout game da rashin daidaituwa da samfurin Lambda CDM. "Yanzu za mu tafi don gano ko zai iya."

Bayan kammala shekara ta uku na abubuwan lura a farkon wannan makon, masu binciken DESI suna tsammanin taswirarsu na gaba za ta ƙunshi taurari kusan ninki biyu kamar yadda taswirar ta bayyana a yau. Kuma yanzu da suke da ƙarin ƙwarewa wajen yin nazarin BAO, suna shirin samun sabunta taswirar shekaru uku da sauri. A gaba taswirar shekaru biyar na taurari miliyan 40.

Bayan DESI, wasu sabbin kayan kida suna zuwa kan layi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, gami da Vera Rubin Observatory mai tsayin mita 8.4 a Chile, NASA's Nancy Grace Roman Telescope, da kuma aikin Euclid na Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai.

"Bayananmu a ilimin sararin samaniya sun yi babban tsalle a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, kuma yana gab da yin babban tsalle," in ji Frieman.

Yayin da suke tattara sabbin abubuwan lura, masu bincike na iya ci gaba da gano cewa ƙarfin duhu ya bayyana a matsayin dindindin kamar yadda yake da shi na ƙarni. Ko, idan yanayin ya ci gaba a kan hanyar da sakamakon DESI ya ba da shawara, zai iya canza komai.

Sabon Physics

Idan duhun kuzari yana raunana, ba zai iya zama dindindin na sararin samaniya ba. Maimakon haka, yana iya kasancewa irin filin da yawancin masana kimiyyar sararin samaniya ke tunanin ya haifar da wani ɗan lokaci na faɗaɗawa a lokacin haihuwar duniya. Irin wannan "filin sikelin" zai iya cika sararin samaniya tare da adadin kuzarin da ke kama da farko - kamar kullun sararin samaniya - amma a ƙarshe ya fara zamewa a kan lokaci.

"Tunanin cewa makamashi mai duhu yana bambanta abu ne na halitta," in ji shi Paul Steinhardt, Masanin ilimin sararin samaniya a Jami'ar Princeton. In ba haka ba, ya ci gaba da cewa, "zai kasance kawai nau'in makamashi da muka sani wanda ke dawwama cikin sarari da lokaci."

Amma wannan sauye-sauyen zai kawo babban sauyi mai ma'ana: Ba za mu kasance cikin rayuwa ba, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin mafi ƙasƙanci-makamashi yanayi na sararin samaniya. Madadin haka, za mu zauna cikin yanayi mai kuzari wanda ke zamewa sannu a hankali zuwa ga wani wuri na gaskiya. Steinhardt ya ce, "Mun saba tunanin cewa muna rayuwa ne a fili, amma babu wanda ya yi maka alkawarin hakan."

Makomar sararin sararin samaniya zai dogara ne akan yadda saurin adadin da aka sani a baya ya ragu, da kuma yadda zai iya tafiya. Idan ya kai sifili, hanzarin sararin samaniya zai tsaya. Idan ya nisa ƙasa da sifili, faɗaɗa sararin samaniya zai juya zuwa raguwa a hankali - irin juzu'in da ake buƙata don cyclic theories of cosmology, kamar waɗanda Steinhardt ya haɓaka.

Masana ilimin kirtani suna da ra'ayi iri ɗaya. Tare da shawararsu cewa komai ya gangara zuwa girgizar igiyoyi, za su iya haɗa sararin samaniya tare da lambobi daban-daban na girma da kowane nau'in ɓarna da ƙarfi. Amma su ba zai iya ginawa cikin sauƙi ba sararin samaniya da ke tabbatar da ingantaccen makamashi mai dorewa, kamar yadda duniyarmu ta yi kama. Madadin haka, a cikin ka'idar kirtani, makamashin dole ne ko dai ya faɗi a hankali cikin biliyoyin shekaru ko kuma ya faɗi da ƙarfi zuwa sifili ko ƙima mara kyau. “Mahimmanci, duk masu ilimin kirtani sun yi imanin cewa ɗaya ko ɗaya ne. Ba mu san ko wanne ba,” inji shi Cumrun Wafa na Jami'ar Harvard.

Shaidar gani don raguwar kuzarin duhu a hankali zai zama alheri ga yanayin faɗuwar hankali. “Hakan zai yi ban mamaki. Zai zama mafi mahimmanci gano tun lokacin da aka gano makamashin duhu da kansa, "in ji Vafa.

Amma a yanzu, duk irin waɗannan hasashe sun samo asali ne a cikin bincike na DESI ta hanyoyi mafi sauƙi kawai. Masana kimiyyar sararin samaniya za su lura da ƙarin miliyoyin taurari kafin su shagaltu da tunanin juyin juya hali.

"Idan wannan ya ci gaba, zai iya haskaka hanyar zuwa sabon, mai yuwuwar fahimtar sararin samaniya," in ji Riess. "'Yan shekaru masu zuwa ya kamata su bayyana sosai."