Shekaru biyu da suka wuce, furotin mai zanen injiniya mafarki ne.

Yanzu, godiya ga AI, sunadaran al'ada sune dime dozin. Sunadaran da aka yi don oda sau da yawa suna da takamaiman siffofi ko sassan da ke ba su damar sabon yanayi. Daga magunguna masu ɗorewa da maganin rigakafi na tushen furotin, zuwa kore mai ƙoshin halitta da filastik-cin abinci sunadaran, filin yana sauri ya zama fasaha mai canzawa.

Tsarin furotin na al'ada ya dogara da dabarun ilmantarwa mai zurfi. Tare da manyan nau'ikan harshe - AI a bayan OpenAI's blockbuster ChatGPT - suna yin mafarkin miliyoyin sifofi fiye da tunanin ɗan adam, ɗakin karatu na sunadaran ƙirar halitta an saita don faɗaɗa cikin sauri.

"Yana da matukar ƙarfafawa," Dokta Neil King a Jami'ar Washington kwanan nan ya gaya Nature. "Abubuwan da ba su yiwuwa shekara daya da rabi da suka wuce - yanzu kawai kuna yin shi."

Duk da haka tare da babban iko yana zuwa babban nauyi. Yayin da sabbin sunadaran da aka ƙera ke ƙara samun karɓuwa don amfani da su a cikin magani da injiniyan halittu, masana kimiyya yanzu suna mamakin: Menene zai faru idan ana amfani da waɗannan fasahohin don dalilai marasa kyau?

Muqala ta baya-bayan nan Science yana nuna buƙatar kare lafiyar halittu don sunadaran ƙira. Kama da ci gaba da tattaunawa game da amincin AI, mawallafa sun ce lokaci ya yi da za a yi la'akari da haɗari da tsare-tsare don haka sunadaran al'ada ba su tafi damfara ba.

Kwararru guda biyu ne suka rubuta makalar. Daya, Dr. David Baker, darektan na Cibiyar Ƙirƙirar Protein a Jami'ar Washington, ya jagoranci haɓaka RoseTTAFold-algorithm wanda ya fashe matsalar rabin shekaru goma na ƙaddamar da tsarin furotin daga jerin amino acid ɗinsa kaɗai. Ɗayan, Dokta George Church a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard, majagaba ce a aikin injiniyan kwayoyin halitta da ilimin halitta.

Suna ba da shawarar sunadaran roba suna buƙatar lambar lambar da aka saka a cikin kowane sabon tsarin kwayoyin halitta. Idan kowane daga cikin furotin ɗin ƙirar ya zama barazana - a ce, mai yuwuwar haifar da fashewa mai haɗari - lambar lambar sa zai sauƙaƙa gano asalinsa.

Ainihin tsarin yana ba da “hanyar duba,” duo rubuta.

Duniyoyin sun yi karo

Sunadaran ƙira suna da alaƙa da AI. Haka ma manufofin tsaron halittu masu yuwuwa.

Sama da shekaru goma da suka gabata, dakin binciken Baker ya yi amfani da software don tsarawa da gina furotin da ake yiwa lakabi da Top7. Sunadaran suna yin su ne da tubalan ginin da ake kira amino acid, kowanne daga cikinsu yana cikin DNA ɗinmu. Kamar beads akan igiya, sai a murƙushe amino acid kuma a murƙushe su zuwa takamaiman sifofi na 3D, waɗanda galibi suna ƙara haɗawa cikin ingantattun gine-gine waɗanda ke tallafawa aikin furotin.

Top7 ba zai iya "magana" ga abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta ba - ba shi da wani tasiri na halitta. Amma duk da haka, tawagar kammala cewa zayyana sabbin sunadaran suna ba da damar gano “manyan yankuna na furotin sararin samaniya da ba a taɓa gani a yanayi ba tukuna.”

Shiga AI. Dabaru da yawa sun tashi kwanan nan don ƙirƙira sabbin sunadaran sunadaran cikin sauri mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da aikin lab na gargajiya.

Ɗaya shine tushen AI mai kama da kayan aikin samar da hoto kamar DALL-E. Waɗannan tsarin AI an horar da su akan bayanan hayaniya kuma suna koyon cire amo don nemo tsarin gina jiki na gaske. Da ake kira ƙirar yaduwa, a hankali suna koyon tsarin gina jiki waɗanda suka dace da ilimin halitta.

Wata dabarar ta dogara da manyan nau'ikan harshe. Kamar ChatGPT, algorithms cikin hanzari suna samun alaƙa tsakanin “kalmomi” sunadaran kuma suna karkatar da waɗannan haɗin kai zuwa wani nau'in nahawu na halitta. Wurin gina jiki da waɗannan samfuran ke samarwa suna iya ninka su cikin tsarin da jiki zai iya tantancewa. Ɗaya daga cikin misali shine ProtGPT2, wanda iya injiniya sunadarai masu aiki tare da siffofi waɗanda zasu iya haifar da sababbin kaddarorin.

Dijital zuwa Jiki

Waɗannan shirye-shiryen ƙirar furotin na AI suna ƙara ƙararrawa. Sunadaran su ne ginshiƙan ginin rayuwa—canji zai iya canza yadda sel ke amsawa ga kwayoyi, ƙwayoyin cuta, ko wasu ƙwayoyin cuta.

A bara, gwamnatoci a duniya sun ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen sa ido kan amincin AI. Ba a sanya fasahar a matsayin barazana ba. Madadin haka, 'yan majalisar sun yi taka tsantsan fitar da manufofin da ke tabbatar da bincike ya bi dokokin sirri da karfafa tattalin arziki, lafiyar jama'a, da tsaron kasa. Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da wannan batu AI Dokar don iyakance fasaha a wasu yankuna.

Ba a yi kiran sunadaran roba kai tsaye a cikin ƙa'idodin ba. Wannan babban labari ne don yin sunadaran ƙira, waɗanda za a iya durƙusa su ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun ƙa'ida, rubuta Baker da Church. Koyaya, sabuwar dokar AI tana kan aiki, tare da ƙungiyar ba da shawara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya akan AI ta tsara raba jagororin kan. dokokin kasa da kasa a tsakiyar wannan shekara.

Saboda tsarin AI da ake amfani da su don yin sunadaran ƙira sun ƙware sosai, har yanzu suna iya tashi a ƙarƙashin radars na tsari-idan filin ya haɗu a cikin ƙoƙarin duniya don sarrafa kansa.

a Taron Amintattun AI na 2023, wanda ya tattauna zane-zane na gina jiki na AI, masana sun yarda da rubuta kowane sabon sunadaran DNA na asali shine mabuɗin. Kamar takwarorinsu na halitta, sunadaran ƙira suma an gina su daga ka'idar kwayoyin halitta. Shiga duk jerin DNA na roba a cikin ma'ajin bayanai na iya sauƙaƙa gano tutoci ja don ƙira masu cutarwa-misali, idan sabon sunadaran yana da sifofi kama da sanannun ƙwayoyin cuta.

Biosecurity baya lalata raba bayanai. Haɗin kai yana da mahimmanci ga kimiyya, amma marubutan sun yarda cewa har yanzu yana da mahimmanci don kare sirrin kasuwanci. Kuma kamar a cikin AI, wasu sunadaran ƙira na iya zama masu amfani amma suna da haɗari sosai don rabawa a bayyane.

Hanya ɗaya da ke kewaye da wannan ruɗani ita ce ƙara matakan tsaro kai tsaye zuwa tsarin haɗin kai da kanta. Misali, marubutan suna ba da shawarar ƙara lambar lamba-wanda aka yi da haruffan DNA bazuwar-zuwa kowane sabon jerin kwayoyin halitta. Don gina furotin, injin da ke haɗa furotin yana bincika jerin DNA ɗinsa, kuma idan ya sami lambar zai fara gina furotin.

A wasu kalmomi, masu zanen furotin na asali na iya zaɓar wanda za su raba haɗin gwiwa tare da-ko ko za su raba shi gaba ɗaya-yayin da suke iya bayyana sakamakon su a cikin wallafe-wallafe.

Dabarar lambar lambar da ke danganta samar da sabbin sunadaran sunadaran da na'ura mai haɗawa zai kuma inganta tsaro da kuma hana miyagu ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, yana mai da wahala a sake ƙirƙira samfuran masu haɗari.

"Idan sabon barazanar nazarin halittu ta bayyana a ko'ina cikin duniya, za a iya gano jerin abubuwan DNA masu alaƙa da asalinsu," in ji marubutan.

Zai zama hanya mai tauri. Amintaccen furotin mai ƙira zai dogara ne akan tallafin duniya daga masana kimiyya, cibiyoyin bincike, da gwamnatoci, marubutan sun rubuta. Duk da haka, an sami nasarori a baya. Ƙungiyoyin duniya sun kafa ƙa'idodin aminci da rabawa a cikin wasu fagage masu jayayya, kamar binciken kwayar halitta, injiniyan kwayoyin halitta, dasa kwakwalwa, da AI. Ko da yake ba koyaushe ake bi ba-Jaririn CRISPR sanannen misali ne-A mafi yawancin waɗannan jagororin ƙasa da ƙasa sun taimaka wajen ciyar da bincike mai zurfi a gaba cikin aminci da daidaito.

Zuwa ga Baker da Coci, buɗe tattaunawa game da lafiyar halittu ba zai jinkirta filin ba. Maimakon haka, zai iya tattara sassa daban-daban kuma ya shiga tattaunawa ta jama'a don ƙirƙirar furotin na al'ada zai iya ci gaba.

Credit Image: Jami'ar Washington

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• Source: https://singularityhub.com/2024/01/29/ai-can-design-totally-new-proteins-from-scratch-its-time-to-talk-biosecurity/