Lokacin da aka gano kawuna yana da glioblastoma, na san yana kan lokacin aro.

Mafi munin nau'in ciwon daji na kwakwalwa, yana yaduwa cikin sauri ta cikin kwakwalwa tare da iyakacin zaɓuɓɓukan magani. Zagaye na chemotherapy sun hana ciwace-ciwacen da ke da muni na ɗan lokaci. Amma kuma sun lalata masa hankali da tsarin garkuwar jiki. Ya riƙe tsawon watanni 13-fiye da haka matsakaicin lokacin tsira na mafi yawan marasa lafiya bayan ganewar asali.

Labarinsa daya ne kawai dubban dubban a Amurka kadai. Duk da shekaru da yawa da aka shafe ana neman magani, glioblastoma ya kasance mummunan maƙiyi, wanda ba za a iya magance shi ba.

Amma bege na iya fitowa daga ciki. A wannan watan, bincike guda biyu sun inganta ƙwayoyin rigakafi na jiki don farauta da goge ciwan kwakwalwar glioblastoma.

Magunguna ta amfani da waɗannan CAR (mai karɓar antigen mai karɓa) T Kwayoyin sun kasance masu juyin juya hali wajen magance cututtukan daji na jini da ba a iya magance su a baya, kamar cutar sankarar bargo. Tun daga 2017, Cibiyar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka ta amince da hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na CAR T guda shida don nau'ikan cututtukan daji na jini. Maimakon mafita ta ƙarshe, suna da yanzu ya shiga al'adar warkewa.

Amma hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na CAR T sun kasance suna kokawa don yaƙar ciwace-ciwace. Glioblastomas wani ƙalubale ne mai wahala. Kwayoyin ciwon daji samar da haɗin kai tare da neurons, sake kunna hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi don canza yadda kwakwalwar ke aiki a hankali kuma a ƙarshe suna kwace aikin fahimi. Wannan kuma yana sa kusan ba zai yuwu a cire ciwace-ciwacen ta hanyar tiyata ba tare da cutar da kwakwalwa ba.

Sabbin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti suna ba da kyakkyawan fata cewa maganin zai iya rage cutar.

Daya, wanda Dr. Bryan Choi ya jagoranta a Babban Asibitin Massachusetts, ya gano jiko guda ɗaya na ƙwayoyin CAR T sun rushe ciwace-ciwacen a cikin mutane uku masu maimaita glioblastoma. wani daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine ya yi amfani da tsarin CAR T daban-daban don haka ya rage girman ciwan kwakwalwa a cikin mahalarta shida.

Ko da yake yana da alƙawarin, maganin ba magani ba ne. Ciwon daji ya sake faruwa a cikin mutane da yawa bayan watanni shida. Koyaya, mutum ɗaya ya kasance ba shi da ciwon daji fiye da wannan lokacin.

A bayyane yake, waɗannan sakamakon wucin gadi ne kawai daga ƴan ɗimbin mahalarta. Dukansu karatu har yanzu suna ci gaba da daukar ma'aikata don kara tantance sakamakonsu.

Amma ga Choi, mataki ne na fadada hanyoyin CAR T fiye da ciwon daji na jini. "Yana ba da tabbaci ga yuwuwar ikon ƙwayoyin CAR T don yin bambanci a cikin ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace, musamman kwakwalwa," in ji shi. ya gaya Nature.

Ikon Biyu

Kwayoyin ciwon daji suna sneaky. Tsarin garkuwar jikin mu yana duba su akai-akai, amma sel suna saurin canzawa don gujewa sa ido.

Kwayoyin T suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin rigakafi waɗanda ke sa ido kan cutar kansa. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, masana kimiyya sun ba su haɓakar wucin gadi tare da injiniyan kwayoyin halitta. Waɗannan sel T da aka gyara ta halitta, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na CAR T, za su iya farautar ƙwayoyin jini mafi kyau.

Ga yadda yawanci yake aiki.

Likitoci sun keɓe ƙwayoyin T na mutum kuma suna ƙara ƙarin “ƙugiya” sunadaran sunadaran a saman su don taimaka musu mafi kyawun gano ƙwayoyin cutar kansa. Kamar kowane sel, masu ciwon daji suna da “tambayoyi” sunadaran gina jiki da yawa da aka ɗigo a waje da su, wasu takamaiman ga kowane kansa. A cikin maganin CAR T an tsara sabbin ƙugiya don kama waɗannan sunadaran, ko antigens cikin sauƙi. Bayan sake shigar da ƙwayoyin da aka haɓaka su koma cikin jiki, yanzu za su iya nema da lalata ƙwayoyin cutar kansa yadda ya kamata.

Yayin da dabarar ta kasance mai canzawa game da cututtukan daji na jini, ta yi rauni don ciwace-ciwace-kamar waɗanda ke girma a cikin gabobin kamar ƙirji, huhu, ko ƙwaƙwalwa. Kalubale ɗaya shine gano antigens daidai. Ba kamar cutar sankarar bargo ba, ƙwararrun ciwace-ciwace galibi ana yin su ne da gaurayawan sel, kowannensu yana da sawun yatsa na antigen daban. Sake tsara sel T don kaiwa antigen guda ɗaya sau da yawa yana nufin sun rasa sauran ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, suna rage tasirin jiyya.

"Kalubale tare da GBM [glioblastoma] da sauran ciwace-ciwace masu ƙarfi shine nau'in ƙwayar cuta, ma'ana ba dukkanin ƙwayoyin da ke cikin ƙwayar GBM ba iri ɗaya ne ko kuma suna da antigen guda ɗaya wanda aka tsara tantanin CAR T don kai hari," Dr. Stephen Bagley, wanda ya jagoranci. gwajin gwaji na Jami'ar Pennsylvania, ya ce a cikin sanarwar manema labarai. "GBM na kowane mutum ya keɓanta da su, don haka maganin da ke aiki ga majiyyaci ɗaya bazai yi tasiri ga wani ba."

Don haka, me zai hana a ƙara ƙarin "ƙugiya" zuwa ƙwayoyin CAR T?

Tag-Team Triumph

Duk sabbin karatun biyu sun yi amfani da hanyar manufa biyu.

Tawagar Choi ta yi watsi da wani furotin da ake kira epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Sunadaran yana da mahimmanci ga kwakwalwa mai tasowa amma yana iya haifar da glioblastoma a cikin al'ada da rikitattun siffofinsa. Matsalar ita ce furotin kuma yana faruwa a cikin sauran kyallen takarda masu lafiya, kamar fata, huhu, da hanji. A matsayin madaidaicin aiki, ƙungiyar ta ƙara furotin "mai shiga" don haɗa ƙwayoyin T zuwa ga burinsu.

A cikin mahalarta uku, jiko ɗaya kai tsaye a cikin kwakwalwa ya rage girman ciwace-ciwacen su a cikin 'yan kwanaki. Tasirin sun kasance "mai ban mamaki da sauri," rubuta tawagar. Ciwon daji ya dawo cikin mutane biyu. Amma a cikin mutum daya, wani dattijo mai shekaru 72, maganin ya rage masa ciwon kwakwalwa da fiye da kashi 60 cikin dari kuma ya dauki fiye da watanni shida.

Hakanan ƙungiyar Penn Medicine ta yi niyya ga EGFR. Bugu da kari, girke-girken tantanin su na CAR T ya kama wani furotin wanda aka kiyasta ya yi alama sama da kashi 75 na glioblastomas. A cikin sa'o'i 48 bayan jiko kai tsaye a cikin kwakwalwa, ciwace-ciwacen daji sun ragu a cikin dukkan mahalarta shida, tare da tasirin da ke faruwa aƙalla watanni biyu a wasu. Shekaru 33 zuwa 71, kowane mutum yana da aƙalla sake dawowa na ci gaban ƙari kafin fara magani.

"Muna samun kuzari da waɗannan sakamakon, kuma muna ɗokin ci gaba da gwajin mu, wanda zai ba mu kyakkyawar fahimta game da yadda wannan maganin tantanin halitta ta CAR T ke shafar mutane da yawa tare da GBM [glioblastoma] mai maimaitawa," marubucin marubucin binciken. Dokta Donald O'Rourke ya ce a cikin sanarwar manema labarai.

Maganin yana da illa. Ko da a ƙananan kashi, ya lalata neurons, wani mawuyacin hali wanda dole ne a gudanar da shi tare da nauyin nauyin wasu magunguna.

Ba kamar magungunan CAR T na baya ba, waɗanda aka sanya su cikin jini, duka karatun suna buƙatar allura kai tsaye a cikin kwakwalwa. Duk da yake mai yuwuwa mafi inganci saboda sel injiniyoyi suna da alaƙa kai tsaye tare da manufarsu, tiyatar ƙwaƙwalwa ba ta da kyau.

Duk ƙungiyoyin biyu yanzu suna bugawa a cikin tsarin su don rage illa da kuma sa hanyoyin kwantar da hankali su daɗe. Tawagar Penn Medicine za ta kuma taswirar kutsewar ƙwayoyin CAR T na ciwace-ciwacen ƙwaƙwalwa na tsawon lokaci. Hanyar niyya biyu na iya sa ya fi wahala ga ƙwayoyin kansa su haifar da juriya ga maganin. Ta hanyar fahimtar waɗannan hulɗar, yana yiwuwa masu bincike zasu iya gina mafi kyawun tsarin CAR T don glioblastoma da sauran ciwace-ciwacen daji.

Ba gudu ba gida. Amma ga ciwace-ciwacen kwakwalwa masu mutuwa, binciken yana ba da haske na bege.

Credit Image: NIAID

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• Source: https://singularityhub.com/2024/03/21/cell-therapy-takes-aim-at-deadly-brain-tumors-in-two-clinical-trials/