Mahimman bayanai na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya suna aiki da sauri fiye da bayanan bayanai tare da ajiyar diski. Wannan shi ne saboda suna amfani da "internal" inganta algorithms, waɗanda suka fi sauƙi da sauri, kuma irin wannan tsarin yana buƙatar ƙarancin umarnin CPU fiye da tsarin ajiyar diski. Bugu da ƙari, samun damar bayanan da aka adana "a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya" yana kawar da buƙata neman lokaci yayin neman bayanai. Sakamakon haka, masu siyar da kayan ajiyar bayanai da yawa suna canzawa zuwa fasahar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don hanzarta sarrafa bayanai. Girgizar kuma tana ba da damar yin amfani da bayanan adana bayanai na cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.

A al'adance, ana adana bayanai akan faifan diski, tare da amfani da RAM don ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci yayin da kwamfutar ke aiki. Tsarin gine-ginen adana bayanai na cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana amfani da tsarin sarrafa bayanai wanda ya dogara da farko akan babbar ma'adanar kwamfuta (RAM), kuma tsarin sarrafa bayanai na cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (IMDBMS) ya tsara shi. Tsarin gine-ginen in-memory database (IMDB) yana buƙatar tsarin gudanarwa da aka ƙera don amfani da babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta a matsayin wuri na farko don adanawa da samun damar bayanai, maimakon faifan diski.

Ko da yake a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tsarin yanar gizon suna da fa'ida mai fa'ida, ana amfani da su da farko don aikace-aikacen ainihin lokacin da ke buƙatar fasaha mai girma. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na waɗannan tsarin sun haɗa da aikace-aikace don amsa na ainihi, kamar tare da kuɗi, tsaro, sadarwa, da masana'antun leken asiri. Aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar samun damar bayanai na ainihin-lokaci kamar ƙa'idodin yawo, ƙa'idodin cibiyar kira, aikace-aikacen ajiyar wuri, da aikace-aikacen balaguro kuma suna aiki da kyau tare da IMDBMS. 

Dalilai biyu na farko a cikin bayanan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba su zama sananne a tarihi ba suna da alaƙa da farashi da ƙarancin kuɗi ACID (atomicity, daidaito, warewa, da karko) yarda. Rashin "dorewa," yana nufin IMBDs asarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ya kamata a yanke wutar lantarki. Hakanan, RAM yana da, a tarihi, yana da tsada sosai, kuma wannan ya hana haɓakawa da haɓakar bayanan bayanan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Kwanan nan, farashin RAM ya fara raguwa, yana sa IMBDs ya fi araha.

Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya vs. Adanawa

Storage don bayanan da ba a amfani da su a halin yanzu, amma an yi rikodin su a kan rumbun kwamfutarka, za a iya ajiye su har abada kuma za a iya tunawa idan an buƙata. Bayanan da aka adana akan faifai na dindindin sai dai idan an goge su. Ana amfani da ma'ajiyar rumbun kwamfutarka gabaɗaya don dalilai na ajiya na dogon lokaci. A al'adance, an ƙera rumbun kwamfyuta don adana ɗimbin bayanai da yawa fiye da RAM. Wannan yanayin yana canzawa.

RAM bangaren jiki ne, ba shirin manhaja ba. Yana amfani da kwakwalwan kwamfuta (intected circuits) waɗanda aka siyar da su zuwa babban allo na dabaru, ko kuma, kamar yadda yake ga yawancin kwamfutoci masu zaman kansu, suna amfani da tsarin toshe-shigai don sauƙin haɓaka na'urorin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (wanda kuma aka sani da DRAM modules). Yin amfani da IMDB maimakon tsarin faifai yana ba da fa'idodi masu zuwa:

• Ana iya ƙara RAM don haɓaka aiki tare da sauƙin dangi.

• Ƙarin RAM yana ba kwamfutar damar yin ƙari lokaci ɗaya (amma ba ya sa ta sauri).

• Ƙarin RAM yana inganta sauyawa tsakanin aikace-aikace daban-daban kuma yana ba da damar aikace-aikace masu yawa don buɗewa ba tare da haifar da tsarin ya zama sluggish ba.

• Yana amfani da ƙasa da ƙarfi fiye da faifai.

Akwai nau'ikan RAM guda biyu na asali: DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) da SRAM (Static Random Access Memory). An yi amfani da RAM azaman nau'i na ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci don amfani da kwamfuta. Kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita don kwatanta asarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar RAM lokacin da aka katse wutar lantarki "mai canzawa ce."

• DRAM: Kalmar “tsari mai ƙarfi” tana nuna cewa dole ne a sabunta abubuwan tunawa koyaushe. Ana amfani da DRAM gabaɗaya azaman babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin kwamfutoci. Dole ne a sabunta RAM sau dubbai kowace daƙiƙa.

• SRAM: Yawanci ana amfani dashi azaman cache na tsarin. (Ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai sauri wanda ke kusa da core processor.) Yana adana kwafin bayanan da ake amfani da su akai-akai daga babban ma'adanar ajiyarsa kuma an kwatanta shi da "tsaye" saboda baya buƙatar sabuntawa. Koyaya, SRAM shima yana da ƙarfi kuma yana rasa tunanin sa lokacin da aka yanke wutar lantarki.

hawa

A halin yanzu, IMDGs suna ba da hanya mai sauƙi, mai inganci don samar da ƙima. An IMDG yana ba da damar ƙima kawai ta ƙara sabon RAM. Ƙara ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya an kwatanta shi a matsayin "tsaye a tsaye" kuma ya haɗa da haɓaka ƙarfin tsarin, yana ba shi damar sarrafa ƙarin ma'amaloli. Wannan ita ce hanya mafi sauƙi, mafi sauri don haɓaka iya aiki ba tare da canza tsarin gine-gine ba. Hakanan, bayanan bayanai waɗanda zasu iya haɓakawa, yayin ba da ra'ayi na bayanan, na iya yin aiki tare da kwantena mafi sauƙi.

NVRAM

RAM ya zo tare da matsala mai mahimmanci kuma bayyananne. Yana asara
bayanai yayin katsewar wutar lantarki (ko kuma idan an cire shi), yana haifar da girma
takaici ga masu amfani da ɗan adam. Ƙwaƙwalwar damar samun damar bazuwar ba mai canzawa ba (NVRAM)
yana bayyana ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta mai iya riƙe bayanai ko da bayan ikon zuwa ga
memory ya yanke.

A halin yanzu, mafi mashahuri nau'in NVRAM shine ake kira flash
ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta Flash shine ma'ajin kwamfuta mara mara ƙarfi wanda zai iya zama da gangan
shafe kuma sake tsarawa. Guntuwar ƙwaƙwalwa ce don adanawa da canja wurin bayanai
daga wannan na'urar dijital zuwa wani. Ana iya sake tsara žwažwalwar ajiyar Flash ta hanyar lantarki
ko gogewa. Ana iya samun shi a cikin kyamarori na dijital, 'yan wasan MP3, faifan USB,
da kuma tuƙi masu ƙarfi.

Babban ci gaba a fasahar NVRAM shine
transistor-ƙofa mai iyo, yana ba da abin gogewa, mai iya shirye-shirye, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar karantawa kawai
(EPROM). Transistor-ƙofa mai iyo ya ƙunshi tashar ƙofar ƙofar, kariya ta
insulation mai inganci (aiki azaman mai canzawa) don grid na transistor. The
Ana iya gogewa da sake saita EPROM ta amfani da hasken ultraviolet. Wannan fasaha
kwanan nan an maye gurbinsu da EEPROM, wanda ke amfani da wutar lantarki don sake saitawa
abubuwan tunawa. Sabbin dabaru don NVRAM sun haɗa da:

• Ferroelectric RAM (F-RAM): Ƙwaƙwalwar damar shiga bazuwar, mai kama da DRAM, amma yana amfani da fim ɗin ferroelectric na bakin ciki wanda ƙwayoyin zarra suka canza polarity, yana haifar da sauyawa. Ana adana ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya lokacin da aka katse wuta.

• Canjin RAM na lokaci (PRAM): Yana amfani da dabaru iri ɗaya kamar CD ɗin da ake rubutawa, amma karatun yana dogara ne akan canje-canjen juriyar wutar lantarki, maimakon abubuwan gani.

• Nano RAM: Dangane da fasahar carbon nanotube.

In-Memory Database Management System (IMDBMS)

Cikakken fahimtar buƙatun ƙungiya da abubuwan fifiko yana da mahimmanci wajen tantance mafi kyawun zaɓi na gine-ginen bayanai. IMDBMSs (wani lokaci ana taƙaita su zuwa “manyan tsarin bayanan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya) suna amfani da hanyoyi da dabaru iri-iri don samar da sarrafa bayanai a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.

IMDBMS na zamani ba kawai adana bayanai a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba, har ma
yi ayyuka a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Ana iya adana duk bayanan cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya,
amma yana iya kasancewa cikin tsarin da aka matsa, yana inganta samun dama da adana bayanai. Farashin DBMS
ana iya ƙera su don bayar da damar haɗaɗɗiyar, kamar haɗa ayyukan
na faifan faifai da fasahar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don haɓaka aiki da rage girman aiki
halin kaka.

Don tabbatar da dorewar bayanai a cikin IMDBMS, dole ne
lokaci-lokaci ana canjawa wuri daga ƙwaƙwalwar mara maras nauyi zuwa mafi nacewa,
dogon lokaci nau'i na ajiya. Hanya ɗaya don wannan ita ce ake kira "gudanar ciniki,"
tare da ɓata lokaci na bayanan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da aka aika zuwa wani nau'i na marasa ƙarfi
ajiya. Idan tsarin ya gaza (kuma a sake kunna shi), ana iya sake saita bayanan bayanan,
tare da mafi yawan bayanai na yanzu akwai.

Cloud da IMBD

Girgijen yana ba da kyakkyawan yanayi don samun
mafi yawa daga cikin ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta. Yanayin girgije yana ba ƙungiyoyin
ikon samun damar yawan adadin RAM yadda ya kamata. Wannan tsarin zai iya taimakawa
Ƙungiyoyi suna guje wa kuɗin da ake kashewa na kwamfuta a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.

The girgijen Hakanan zai iya samar da yanayin da ke sa ma'ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta zama abin dogaro ta hanyar amfani da runduna masu yawa da injuna ta amfani da gazawar atomatik. Tare da waɗannan matakan, rushewar RAM ba zai haifar da asarar bayanai ba. Waɗannan matakan kariya sun fi wahalar haɓakawa a cikin tsarin kwamfuta na kan-gida. Haɗa girgijen da ƙididdigar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana ba da kyakkyawar hanya don haɓaka fa'idodin tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.

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• Source: https://www.dataversity.net/in-memory-database-architecture-overview/