In 2019, the global foreign exchange market (forex) was valued at a jaw-dropping $2.4 quadrillion.
In fact, this is equal to more than 50 times China, Japan, Germany, India and the U.S.’s economic output combined. Institutional investors, such as investment banks, pension funds, and large corporations have typically dominated this space, but there are avenues for individuals to enter the market as well.
This infographic from Compare Forex Brokers breaks down the world’s most interconnected financial market, and how individual investors can start trading.
The Forex Market: A Global Landscape
Across the forex market, 170 major, minor, and exotic currency pairs can be traded as contracts for difference (CFDs). A CFD enables you to speculate on whether the price of an asset will rise or fall.
Here, trades are conducted on over the counter (OTC) markets—non-centralized markets made up of a network of participants. This is different from traditional markets, such as the S&P 500 and the Nasdaq, which operate on formal, centralized exchanges.
While the forex market is by nature, decentralized, these core regions show where forex transactions are most concentrated by market participants including banks, commercial businesses, or individual investors.
Globally, the majority of forex trading takes place within the following hubs.
| Forex Trading Centers (2019) | Country | Share of Global Over the Counter (OTC) Forex Turnover |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | UK | 43.1% |
| 2 | U.S. | 16.5% |
| 3 | Singapore | 7.6% |
| 4 | Hong Kong | 7.6% |
| 5 | Japan | 4.5% |
| 6 | Switzerland | 3.3% |
| 7 | France | 2.0% |
| 8 | China | 1.6% |
| 9 | Germany | 1.5% |
| 10 | Australia | 1.4% |
Source: BIS
The UK accounts for over 43% of global forex trading, averaging $2.7 trillion daily according to the 2019 Triennial Central Bank Survey by the Bank for International Settlements. London’s geographic location between the U.S. and Asia makes it an optimal forex trading centre—a trend that has held strong over the last 50 years.
With forex trading in the U.S. jumping over 50% in the last decade, the U.S. is the next most active forex market. Meanwhile, averaging $633 billion in trading volumes in 2019, Singapore is Asia’s largest forex trading center, with Hong Kong following close behind.
The Top Seven Currency Pairs
What are the most highly-traded currency pairs?
Overall, 68% of global forex trading falls into seven major currency pairs.
| Top Seven Currency Pairs | Percentage of Total | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States Dollar vs Euro | 24.0% |
| 2 | United States Dollar vs Japanese Yen | 17.8% |
| 3 | United States Dollar vs Great British Pound | 9.3% |
| 4 | United States Dollar vs Australian Dollar | 5.2% |
| 5 | United States Dollar vs Canadian Dollar | 4.3% |
| 6 | United States Dollar vs Chinese Yuan | 3.8% |
| 7 | United States Dollar vs Swiss Franc | 3.6% |
Source: BIS
Currency prices are impacted by factors including inflation, international trade, political stability, among other macroeconomic factors.
Breaking Down Institutional and Retail Trading
While commercial and central banks, hedge funds, and investment managers make up most of the forex market, only 5.5% are individual investors.
Importantly, they differ in a few key ways.
| Institutional Forex Trading | Retail Forex Trading |
|---|---|
| – Buy and sell the physical currency
– Interdealer market: Large institutions trade on an interdealer market, which is a non-centralized network of dealers – Less formal: Often trades are conducted by phone, email or instant message. – Non-transparent: Execution prices and buy/sell orders are not visible to the market. |
– Buy and sell contracts for difference (CFD)
– Contracts for Difference (CFD): CFDs allow traders to speculate on the price of an underlying asset. Traders do not own the underlying asset. – Long and Short Trades: Traders can take a long or short position: – Long position: buying a CFD with the expectation the asset’s market price will increase. – Short position: selling a CFD with the expectation the asset’s market price will decrease. |
For various reasons, retail forex trading increases in popularity year after year. However, before diving in, it is important to know the stakes involved in this speculative market.
Understanding the High Risk of Forex Trading
Retail forex trading is, at is core, very risky.
In 2019, 71% of all retail forex trades lost money. One explanation is the highly leveraged nature of the market—many investors trade using borrowed money. But while trading with leverage can magnify losses, it also applies to gains.
Key Benefits of the Forex Market
While there is risk inherent in the market, what are some of the advantages in forex trading?
- Low transaction costs: No exchange or regulatory fees. Overall trading costs are low with both commission and no commission pricing structures available.
- High liquidity: Along with being the largest market globally, it is also the most liquid with $6.6 trillion in daily trading volume.
- 24-hour market: Trading is not confined to limited hours or time zones.
- Leverage: Forex brokers offer retail traders leverage which allows the to increase their exposure
Unlike equities, currency trading is all about relativity. A currency can depreciate overall, but can also appreciate relative to a currency that has depreciated even more.
Connect to New Markets
While big gains are possible, many trades lose money, but regulatory improvements have helped build trust in the market.
Meanwhile, multiple digital platforms provide a link to global currencies, allowing retail forex traders to enter the market and trade from any location. For those comfortable taking more risk, currency markets offer opportunities with outsized potential.
Source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/forex-market-opportunities-for-investors/
